Ethics in the journalism Essay

Ethics in the journalism sector is not a new issue of debate. Journalism ethics has been described as â€Å"a dysfunctional ethical discourse† by Iggers (as cited by Mccabe, 1999). The role of media is always very important in manufacturing the consent of people and develops a view regarding any particular issue. However the way news is collected, compiled and presented is always a question of debate. Citizens get the information regarding the social problems. The media has the capacity to bring the change. The traditional media is based on the maturity of the information, published news and different other subjects. Media has moved from its traditional role of observer to the change agent within the society (Mccabe, 1999, p. 199). The role of technology in media presentation has been very crucial in the recent past. The information is available easily on the website. â€Å"The Internet blurs traditional categories like â€Å"professional† versus â€Å"amateur,† â€Å"published† versus â€Å"unpublished,† and â€Å"public† versus â€Å"private. Existing rules for the ethical conduct of human subjects research that rely on these categories are thus difficult to extend to this new medium. † (Bruckman, n. d. ) Information available on the various websites makes it convenient and handy. However, the reliability of information available at this source is questionable. The referencing of the sources from which information has been obtained and how the credit has been given is always important in order to maintain the ethical standards of the journalism in this internet age.

Chicken Wings

Chlamydia is the most common bacterial sexually transmitted infection (STI) in Canada. When left untreated, it can lead to painful physiological problems and sterility defects. Despite being in decline for many years, rates of chlamydia infection have risen steadily since 1997. These rising rates show that people are not using safer sex methods on a consistent basis. This STI is transmitted through vaginal, anal, or oral sex, and can also be transmitted from mother to child during childbirth.Chlamydia exists as one of many issues concerning safe sex across Canada. In terms of unprotected or unsafe sex, it is important for people to test for Chlamydia. It is known as the ‘silent disease', because more than 50 percent of infected males and 70 percent of infected females have no symptoms and are unaware of their condition. Physiological effects usually begin to appear two to six weeks after infection, but it can take longer. If the STI is left untreated, beginning symptoms include : Women Men -A vaginal discharge-A discharge from the penis A burning sensation when urinating-A burning sensation when urinating -Vaginal bleeding between periods or after intercourse-Pain and/or swelling in the testicles -Pain in the lower abdomen-Pain in the lower abdomen If the STI is still not treated after initial symptoms, long-term effects for both sexes may include Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID), which is irritated skin in the pelvic region, and also a decrease in fertility rates. Even without symptoms, however, chlamydia can be transmitted and can lead to serious health problems and sterility, especially in women.Anyone at risk should therefore be tested. Support Services Health Canada's Sexual Health and Sexually Transmitted Infections Section provides national leadership and coordination through programs that develop and support surveillance and targeted research studies. Working with provincial and territorial governments, non-governmental organizations and health ca re providers, the Section develops evidence-based national standards and policies, promotes the exchange of information and engages in prevention and promotion activities.Additional Info: Minimizing RiskFollowing these suggestions may help you to protect yourself from contracting chlamydia: Learn about safer sex methods. Make informed decisions. Talk to your partner(s) about their STI status and the use of protection. Correct use of condoms reduces the risk of acquiring chlamydia and other STIs. Get tested for chlamydia if you are sexually active. If you are diagnosed and treated for chlamydia, be sure to follow your health care provider's treatment and follow-up recommendations.If infected, you should abstain from sex until both you and your sexual partner(s) have completed your antibiotic treatment. You can easily be reinfected if your partner is not treated as well. It is important that you or someone from your public health department notify any of your sexual partners who may h ave been put at risk of infection. They will also need to be tested and possibly treated.

Mass and Energy Balance Essay

Abstract The objective is to produce a proposal for a chemical process plant which will be able to produce 550,000 tonne/year ammonia using LPG as the raw material. Different processes where researched and then finally one was picked, steam reforming. This was decided to be the most viable and cost effective process using the raw materials we had available. The report explains in detail how the process works and all aspects of how the plant will work including the mass and energy balance across the plant. What is Ammonia Ammonia (NH3) is a stable compound and is used as a starting material for the manufacture of many important nitrogen compounds and can also be directly used as fertilisers. It is produced by reacting hydrogen and nitrogen. It is a colourless gas with a sharp odour. The boiling point is -33.35oC and its freezing point is -77.7oC.1 Care must be taken when handling ammonia as can cause deep burns in the skin; irritation in the eyes and nose and when inhaled can cause coughing, sore throat and headache.2 There are different methods for the manufacture of ammonia. The three main methods are steam reforming, partial oxidation and electrolysis. Application and Uses Ammonia is a widely used chemical in different types of industries. One of the main user of ammonia is the agricultural industries for fertilisers. Around 80% of ammonia produced is for fertilisers such as urea, ammonium sulphate and ammonium nitrate.3 It is also used as a building block for nitrogen containing compounds like nitric acid (HNO3). It is also used in the fibres and plastics industry for the production of acrylonitrile, melamine etc., and manufacture of explosives. Ammonia is also used in water treatment such as pH control and also in combination with chlorine to purify industrial and municipal water supplies. Less commonly uses include as a refrigerant in compression and absorption systems, manufacture of household ammonia, in the food and beverage industry 4. Figure 1: Pie chart showing the uses of Ammonia. Market Trends Globally ammonia prices have been headed up due the large demand of fertilisers that are needed in the crop production to obtain high yield6. The current selling price of ammonia in Europe goes up to $600 per tonne7. Figure 2: Shows the global demand for Ammonia (D.a.NH3- Direct application of Ammonia) As we can see from the chart the trend of ammonia demand globally is upward. It is said that the global ammonia market is to generate revenues of approx. US$102 billion in 2019. As there is continous growth in population in the developing countries the likely to cause demand for foodstuffs are to increase even further. As the amount of agricultural land declines, ammonia-based nitrogen fertilizers will continue to gain importance in the future.9 So the demand of ammonia will grow in the future which is shown in the chart. Processes There are many different processes involved in the ammonia production. The most common processes for ammonia are partial oxidation, steam reforming and electrolysis. From these 3 processes the best process route is then selected and that process would be most economical and that meetes the design brief. Partial Oxidation Partial oxidation involves the reaction of oxygen with fuel to produce hydrogen. The following equations represent the partial oxidation of ethane, propane, butane and pentane. 10 C2H6 + O2 2CO + 3H2, C3H8 + 1.5O2 3CO + 4H2, C4H10 + 2O2 4CO + 5H2, C5H12 + 2.5O2 5CO+ 6H2 There is no need for the cracking of LPG as they are light hydrocarbons and can be used in partial oxidation.11 See Partial Oxidation flow sheet (Reference 1: Partial Oxidation Flow Sheet) Hazards and Environmental Impact The main emission is carbon dioxide which is a greenhouse gas and Partial Oxidation process emits more carbon dioxide compared to Steam Methane Reforming. Carbon dioxide emissions can be reduced by recycling it and selling it to urea and nitro-phosphate plants.13 No ammonia should be present in the air but maybe because of faulty equipment and maintenance activities, some ammonia maybe released. Ammonia becomes explosive at the 16%-25% volume in air which could occur if there are any leakages in the ammonia storage facilities. It is also toxic by inhalation and pulmonary oedema can occur up to 48 hours after exposure and could be fatal.12 Nitrogen dioxide that is released is a toxic gas can be harmful when inhaled but can be avoided as can be detected because of the smell. The large amount of waste water from this process is another problem but there is a river near the Milford Haven site. Also water pollution is a concern which may occur because of the suspended and dissolved impurities. It could also affect the aquatic life. Therefore the water must be treated in a full three stage water treatment plant before disposing it. 13 The disadvantage of partial oxidation is that the capital costs are higher for partial oxidation compared to any other process. It is estimated to be  £100-120 million for an annual production of 7.7 million GJ while for SR it will only be  £70 million. 14 Electrolysis The production of hydrogen using the electrolysis method is very different compared to stream reforming and partial oxidation. Electrolysis produces hydrogen by splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen using volts of current to separate the hydrogen to one electrode and oxygen at the other in a cell. Oxygen is the by-product in the process of producing ammonia which is valuable because it can be used in other chemical processes or sold to other companies for profit. In electrolysis there is no CO2 produced therefore there is no pollution. Standard electrolytic ammonia production energy consumption historically has been about 12 megawatt-hour. The fuel cost alone of making ammonia is $600 metric ton, and including capital and operating expenses that metric ton of ammonia cost about $800 to make. Compare electrolytic and using uses of natural gas as raw material the economically, for the past 100 years the cost of natural gas has not been higher than $1 and the fuel cost for a metric ton of ammonia from natural gas has been $30-$40. Figure [ 3 ]: Ammonia Manufacturing Process Figure 3: Ammonia Manufacturing Process Steam Reforming Gas purification Syngas of a mixture of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and water can be broken down in to individual components and further cleansed through purification. The syngas will enter a shift reformer, which breaks down the carbon monoxide in to hydrogen and carbon dioxide using steam (H2O). Carbon dioxide is much more environmentally friendly than CO and can either be released in to the atmosphere or used in other steam reforming processes in the future. Desulphurisation Sulphur is a problem when carrying out steam reforming as it acts as a poison for the catalysts involved. It is important that this is removed prior to the syngas entering the system. The process is carried out in the presence of a catalyst, which is usually nickel. This nickel acts as an absorber for the sulphur, and so several catalyst-filled tubes within the system with a large internal surface area will allow the sulphur to collect to be disposed of suitably. The Process Hydrocarbons usually contain sulphur which needs to be removed. The purification section is the first bed of the whole steam reforming process. Feed is passed through tubes containing zinc oxide. The sulphur in the feed reacts with the zinc oxide to produce zinc sulphide. This is to ensure that the feed travelling to the steam reformer does not poison the catalysts in this section in any way. The catalysts used in the steam reforming process are nickel-based. These are easily poisoned by sulphur species. The purified feed is mixed with steam and then is passed to the primary reformer, which involves a nickel-based catalyst where the steam reforming process is carried out. Once the hydrocarbon is cleansed of sulphur, the reforming process can begin. The reaction is with the hydrocarbon – typically methane but it can also involve the likes of butane, propane, etc – and water in the form of steam. The reaction for methane (CH4) is shown below. CH4 + H2O 3H2 + COΔH = +251kJmol-1 C3H8 + 6H2O 3CO2 + 10H2 C2H6 + 4H2O 2CO2 + 7H2 C4H10 + 8H2O 4CO2 + 7H2 C5H12 + 10H2O 5CO2 + 16H2 Reactions for other hydrocarbons, such as ethane (C2H6), propane (C3H8), butane (C4H10) and pentane (C5H12) are also shown, with their respective steam amounts required and the products gained. Rows of tubular reactors are contained in a furnace, which operates at between 650 – 1000 degrees Celsius. The hydrocarbon feed enters the system at a very high pressure, typically 20 – 30 bar. The process is carried out in the presence of a nickel-based catalyst which is packed into cylindrical tubes through which the steam/hydrocarbon gas mixture is passed. The catalysts act as surface for which the hydrocarbon will absorb and the steam. (Reference 2: Steam Reforming Flow Sheet) Justification Steam reforming is the most viable proposition as we have all of the raw materials available within easy access, whereas if we were to use other processes, then we would have to source other materials e.g. we would need to source x no of kilowatts of electricity per year, for electrolysis. Mass Balance Cp Values Energy Balance Material Costs Simple Plant Cost Using a base of around  £410 per ton of ammonia, and output at 550,000 tonnes, it would be assumed that the plant would produce  £225,500,000 a year of ammonia. The Burrup plant in Australia was built at a cost of  £457 million and produces roughly 800,000 tonnes a year of ammonia. Using the 2/3 power rule, as follows, will allow the costs of the new 550k p/a plant to be shown. C = Cref(S/Sref)2/3 C = 457000000 * (550,000/800,000)2/3 C =  £355,984,702 The output of the new plant is  £225,500,000, but the plant costs  £355,984,702 to build, so it would take around a year and seven months for the plant to be profitable, based on an estimation without including the costs of the raw materials. Taylor Method Pay Back Time Sustainability The environment is constantly changing, whether by nature or by human led processes. Sustainability is about trying to manage this change through balancing social, economic and environmental needs, both locally and globally for present and future generations. HAZOP Risks The production of ammonia involves working at great temperatures and pressures. As such, it is vital that the equipment used in the plant is designed to withstand these conditions to function properly. The high temperatures and pressures involved in the production of ammonia can potentially put tremendous amounts of strain on the pipes and vessels used. The risks associated with this are: * Explosions from sudden release of pressurised gases from ruptured vessels * Fragmentation from rupture of the pipes * Fire * Poisoning from exposure to leaked materials * Chemical or thermal burns, again from exposure to leaked materials Not only are these hazards life-threatening, they would also be very expensive to put right for the production company. These risks can be avoided by preparing the plant for the conditions that it is about to go through. It is more economically viable to run the steam reformer at as high a temperature and pressure as possible. Magnesium oxide-lined furnaces, MgO, has a melting point of around 2800 degrees Fahrenheit, making it ideal for lining the furnaces used in the production of hydrogen. Hydrogen itself will cause some materials to become brittle and eventually break. Hydrogen features an active electron and thus will behave like a halogen, causing erosion in the metals that it comes into contact with. This can be avoided by using high-purity stainless steel in the sections of the plant which will come into contact with the hydrogen. This steel must have a maximum hardness of 80 HRB on the Rockwell Scale. Ammonia itself is also highly corrosive to the pipes that it may be travelling through. For this reason, it is recommended that stainless steel is also used here, at a similar hardness of that shown above. Most ammonia plants use centrifugally cast high-alloy tubing to hold the nickel-base catalyst in the primary reformer furnace. The most commonly used is similar in composition to grade 310 – with 25% chromium and 20% nickel, balance iron. This has a carbon content in the range of 0.35 – 0.45% for improved high-temperature creep and rupture stress. Thermal protection of piping involves fire brick owing to the high temperatures involved.

Country with High Mortality Rates Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Country with High Mortality Rates - Term Paper Example Eventually, the introduction of the health insurance among the employees for most formal sectors is also explored (Malawi. Ministry of Economic Planning and Development. 2004). Coupled with such efforts, there will be reforms aiming at the improvement of the application of the financial resources through the improvement of locative and technical efficiencies. Documentation of sources of health financing (in terms of external, government cooperation and funding, firms as well as households) including their contribution to the total health spending is rather separate from the private and public health expenditures through the financing agents (MOH and NGOs) (Rosner, Leppert, Degens & Ouedraogo, 2012). There is a distinguishing factor between capital and recurrent expenditure through the provision of thorough breakdown based on the major line items of salaries and drugs maintenance. 2. Location/Geography Below is a summary of the physical environment of Malawi: the percentage of irrigat ed cropland land in Malawi is 0.0%; the percentage of arable land (in 2009) is 38.2% while the percentage of the forest area to the land area (in 2010) was 34.3%. malawi’s land area as at 2010 as at 94,280.0 square kilometers. The Ministry also intends to put up with the exploration process for purposes of ensuring feasible introduction of alternative sources in terms of financing health care in Malawi. At the central level, capacity is needed to be enhanced for purposes of reliably formulating and reviewing the policies, coordinating implementation and providing support to district health care management teams (Acton, 2012). 3. Population The total Population in 2010 was at 14,900,841.0, the 2010 Population growth (annual percentage) was at 3.1%, the 2010 Population density (persons for event square kilometer) was at 158.4 (Malawi. Ministry of Economic Planning and Development. 2004), the Rural population in 2010 was 11,950,474.5, the rural population per square kilometer of arable land (Rural population density) was 0.0% (Peters, 2009), the 2010 Rural population (percentage to total population) was 80.2%, the 2009 Death rate, crude (per 1,000 people) was 13.1%; the 2009 Birth rate, crude (per 1,000 people) was 44.2%; the 2010 Mortality rate, infant (for each 1,000 live births) was 58.1% (Peters, 2009); the 2010 Mortality rate, under-5 (for each 1,000) was 92.1% and the Labor force, total in 2009 was 6,005,705.8. the total years (Life expectancy at birth) in 2009 was 52.7% and the percentage of total labor force Labor force, female in 2009 was 49.2 (Malawi. Ministry of Economic Planning and Development. 2004). 4. Government Through the 1995 constitution, the president of Malawi is considered as chief of state as well as the head of government through the universal direct suffrage for each 5 years. Malawi is also ruled by a vice president who is a president electee (Ghodse, 2011). The president also has an option of appointing second vice presidents fro m different parties. This includes presidentially appointed cabinets. The cabinet members of Malawi are drawn from outside or within of the legislature(Peters, 2009). The legislature in involved in the overall overseeing of the implementation of the strategic steps in the long run by all means (Peters, 2009). 5. Economy The table below illustrates the poverty indicators in Malawi: The Income share upheld by the lowest 20% in 2004 was at 7.0%; at national

Some of the Possible Learning Disabilities that Face Organizations Assignment - 1

Some of the Possible Learning Disabilities that Face Organizations - Assignment Example As the employees strive to enhance his loyalty to the organization that he currently works with, it is often seen that over time the employee will result to unintentionally confuse his job with his own personal identity. This will create a situation where the inability by the employee to separate his own personal identity from that of his job creates the learning disability that Senge describes in his book as â€Å"I am my position.† A personal experience illustrating this disability was evident in my uncle who after a long period of being unemployed, he finally managed to get a good well paying job that offered great benefits and handsomely rewarded any extra input that a person made to the organization beyond the normal working hours. In a few short weeks, all of his conversations were quickly characterized by his constant referral to his new job. He never missed the opportunity to speak highly of his new job and what he was doing for his company. After a while, the novelty of being forced to constantly hear about his new job quickly wore off. It became apparent to the entire family that my uncle was equating his success at his job to his own personal achievements; this was despite his losing out on the social front and was quickly becoming a pariah among friends and family who were making efforts to avoid him and his tedious story. A possible cure for this learning disability can be achieved by my uncle following the 11th law of the Fifth disciple. According to (Senge, 2006), this law basically states that â€Å"There is no one to blame†. People often tend to blame their circumstances for the difficulties and challenges that they happen to experience. My uncle needs to realize that the cure to this problem lies in the relationship with his â€Å"enemy†, which happens to be himself. He should actively take steps and measures that will ensure that he effectively manages to separate his own personal life from his job and views them differently.     

Discuss the main causes and effects of gun crime in the USA Essay - 2

Discuss the main causes and effects of gun crime in the USA - Essay Example Subsequently, the following paper makes an insight into most widespread causes and effects of gun violence. One if the factors the most commonly blamed for gun crimes is availability of firearms. The debate over the right of the general population to bear firearms has been among the actively and commonly debated ones. From one side, opponents of gun control argue that any law denying such right would be a violation of the Constitution that allows one to protect property and life from criminals, who would still have a gun, regardless of the prohibition. Although the following position may contain the grain of logic, it, in fact, leads to more crimes, research shows. A recent study that compared data from developed countries on gun ownership and subsequent deaths clearly concluded that more guns mean more gun-related deaths. †There was a correlation between guns per head per country and the rate of deaths with Japan being on one end of the spectrum and the US - on the other† (Boseley, 2013) Subsequently, availability and easy access to guns can be regarded as one of the essentia l causes of gun crimes in the U.S. Another possible cause of gun violence in the United States has been called social conditions that allow the existence of risk factors most commonly associated with gun violence. According to Walker (2014), one of the recent strategies that proved its effectiveness for alleviating the rates of gun crimes has been a mentoring program, focusing on the at-risk population and preventing it from the involvement in felonious situations and aggressive behavior. Success of the program in reducing crimes occurrence proves that unfavorable social conditions are associated with gun crimes. The commonly cited risk factors are unemployment, poverty, and poor education. (Walker, 2014; "Gun violence prevention,") Therefore, the low quality of life should be regarded as a predictor of gun crimes. Apart from that, it is argued that the lack

The Power Of Music In Literature Research Paper

The Power Of Music In Literature - Research Paper Example This close connection helps to create a very solid understanding of the literature itself and can bring the audience’s own feelings and emotions deeply into the action. Music in literature can often be used to express mood in literature, and this expression can be stronger than using the written word alone. Examples of music’s strength can be found in drama, especially Shakespeare’s comedies and tragedies. Shakespeare often uses music to create a strong emotional tone. By implementing music in his plays, Shakespeare was able to transcend his mood from the action and characters into his audience. His technique was quite successful, and besides his fantastic writing skills, this ability to combine literature and music allowed him to successfully demonstrate the feelings of his characters to his audience. Music, therefore, can be more powerful than the written word alone in literature, and by taking a close look at Shakespeare and the way he both used and understood music, we can gain a solid understanding of how music can create a strong feeling of emotion in the audience, backing up the action set in the play or piece of fiction. â€Å"Music oft hath such a charm to make bad good,† Shakespeare states in Measure for Measure. Shakespeare, therefore, realized the power of music and its ability to create and stir emotion in his audience. Shakespeare also realized that music could make something that seemed otherwise bearable quite bearable. In fact, the bard was so fascinated by music that many of his characters mention its power in his plays. He often uses music as a metaphor to compare its power to certain feelings, and it seems that the mere mention of music helps to make the words spoken even stronger.

Organisational Behaviour Literature Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Organisational Behaviour - Literature review Example In this situation, it is the duty of company to motivate them and make them work in the previous pace. They might think of themselves as victims who would work on whatever the organizations assign them to do as they consider it as the company’s grace. If the employees work in this state of mind then it would be very difficult for organization to achieve the objective of downsizing (Wagner, 1991). However, a smaller proportion of people take it as exciting and career expanding because they become optimistic about themselves, optimistic in a way that there must be some extraordinary quality in them; this did not let them go out of the organization. Nevertheless, one cannot deny that larger proportion of people is always in fear and organizations must take some impactful steps to bring them on the right track. Alcoa Inc. an aluminum producing company faces the same situation during many mergers and other developmental efforts. It is one of the largest creators of air pollution in united states proving to be harmful for many human lives therefore it became urgent and serious for it to take a step. Alcoa therefore invested $330 million in a plant to help reduce the emissions such as nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide. As one can see that $330 million is not small amount of money, therefore they must have thought of implementing downsizing in the company making many of their employees leave the jobs. Moreover, in 2006 installed a new plant in its branch of Swansea again requiring a huge amount of money generated by reduction in administrative costs. A joint venture of Alcoa and Alumina Limited might have caused the need for downsizing too. All these instances left Alcoa’s remaining employees with a low morale and spirit to work and managers with a great worry and apprehension of low productivity. However, one should not lose hope keep striving to achieve the best. Firstly, knowing the reasons that make employees not feel easy after downsizing would be a great help in understanding their emotions and treat them in view of that. One of the reasons is that they do not have interest in learning new skills because they assume that this will increase their workload. Naturally, no one likes to work more than he was doing earlier with a good salary. However, organizations need to change this behavior of employees buy assuring them that new skills will work in their favor, making them more profitable for the company and provide them with more chances of personal growth in the industry. Additionally, they would get more compensation with higher profits ultimately building their self-esteem and self-security. In any case, employees should feel that they contribute in the growth and development of the company this would stimulate them to work more passionately and ardently. Another reason of breaking of trust and emotions of employees is that they have lost some of very close colleagues and friends. Some might feel guilty that some of their friend lost their jobs because they were give preferences over them. All these problems occur because different people react differently towards change. Some have difficulty in accepting the change; others will find great opportunities behind them. Change, which is demolishing for ones, might prove to be exciting for others. Some express their anger and frustration, while others fight with it silently. Some get release after complaining whereas others talk a lot but actually are encouraging the

Lease hold Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Lease hold - Essay Example Laws usually govern granting a lease and certain order is followed when creating them (Great Britain parliament, 2000). Different leases require different sorts of agreements. A lease has specific elements that must be put in place for it to be valid. It also has specific requirements for creation of a valid lease. The elements of a lease A lease has specific elements that weigh heavily on the contracts overall acceptability. These elements must be considered during creation of an agreement between the property owner and the tenant as stipulated by the law. Exclusive possession This is a very essential part of a lease .It forms the backbone of a lease and therefore without it, there can be no lease. Exclusive possession is that right of the leaseholder to utilize the property with exclusion of all the other individuals including the property owner (John, 2000). The occupier must have a right to exclusive possession to use the premises leased, though this should not be a conclusive pr oof that the leaseholder has a lease. If denied exclusive possession then the leaseholder is right to use the premises, do not amount to a lease. Exclusive possession gives the tenant the right to exclude everyone else including the property owner from the premises except on an agreed case. ... Certain/specific term/period The start of a period in a lease must be clear. It should be me4ntioned in an agreement if not it will be deemed to commence immediately. In cases where an individual has an agreement for a future lease, then it is void unless clear at what date it is to start from an express term in the contract or by inference. A periodic tenancy stating that the property owner would not give notice to quit until when ready to redevelop the land is stipulated. Through this, the tenant has a sense of security and the property owner has ability to regain possession of the premises when needed. It is acceptable for a period of tenancy to restrict the property owners right to give notice unless for a specified purpose during a stated period. The maximum duration of a lessee must be certain. The law of property act provides that, a lease stated to take effect more than two years from date of agreement is void and any contract purporting to create such a term is void. It is n ot enough to specify a period. A beginning date and exact ending date must be stated. The time to vacate should also be clearly stated. Term less than that of a grantor An owner in fee simple can grant a lease of his premises for any term since the fee simple is effectively perpetual. A fee simple owner has the right to grant a lease to a tenant for many years like up to 9,000 years. There can be more than one term of years in one fee simple estate in a single piece of land. A tenant can grant a lease of the premises called a sublease to a subtenant .This can only happen if the sublease will last for a shorter period than the original lease from the property owner. The subtenant can also grant a further lease of the same premises

Mcdonald's case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Mcdonald's - Case Study Example In 2003, McDonalds reinvented its mission/vision by implementing a â€Å"Plan to win† strategy that focuses on becoming â€Å"bigger, not just better†. Action plans in implementing this strategy are to increase sales in every geographic segment of the business; to offer relevant menu to its 60 million customers per day, and to gain the confidence of stockholders by the profitability of its operation. McDonald uses 5 key strategies in implementing this plan, i.e. product, price, people, place and promotion (McDonalds 2009 annual report). In increasing sales in every geographic segment of the business thru franchising. Focused on brand availability, menu variety, beverage choice, convenience and day part expansion. McDonalds introduced McCafe and premium Angus third pounder, focused on classic favorites like big Mac and Quarter Pounder, and emphasized affordability in the US market; and in mid-2010s introduced frappes and smoothies. In all areas of operations, reinvestment was done in the facilities and equipments, opened stores in convenient areas, extended store hours, build up its drive through systems and offered locally relevant selections. The strategy included advertising and promotions. In U.S, drive-through systems, and cafà ©-ambiance were developed; in Europe, the portable snacks were popularized; in Germany, breakfast time was introduced and designed the same strategies in other areas where McDonalds is present. McDonalds joined the bandwagon of globalization and has developed franchised business in 119 countries. In 2010, McDonalds has 32,737 franchise units all over the world, an increase of 28% from 21,078 units in 2009 (McDonald’s Annual Report). This means the company has to work with franchise owners with diverse cultures, religion and ethnicity. The tactics of McDonalds is to adopt its menu to the culture and taste of the region, to hire and train locals to work in the

Curriculum Assessments †Paper Two Essay Example for Free

Curriculum Assessments – Paper Two Essay Curriculum assessments have a variety of purposes depending upon the aim. Overall they have been positive experiences for me throughout my education in their attempt to construct an anonymous forum for feedback in the name of improving the curriculum. They can also prove to be troublesome for particular types of professors and for students who believe they are simply a formality and that they are not actually taken into consideration. In my opinion, this can be a troublesome obstacle in the path of achieving greater transparency between professor performance ratings and the faculty boards that are responsible for the career paths of these professors. An example of a positive experience using curriculum assessments was my freshman year of college. I had an astronomy professor that was very aloof and seemingly arrogant in his lectures, but in his office hours was personable and humorous. He handed out the assessment after our midterm in the hope of improving the course for the second half. He received overwhelming feedback in the same spirit as mine and he made a conscious effort to become more compassionate during his lectures. Needless to say the second half of the semester was much more enjoyable, hopefully for him as well. On the other hand, I had a negative experience with a tenured sociology professor. She had been at the university for over 35 years and she believed since she had been there for so long she would not benefit from student assessments. We took the assessment after midterms and when she reported the results back to the students, she was visibly upset. She took the feedback as a personal attack instead of constructive criticism. The rest of the semester seemed forced and unnatural as she grudgingly held to her tactics. I believe the main purpose of the assessment is to provide students with an anonymous forum to voice their opinion about the professor and the course without fear of repercussion. In addition, assessments can be used by the faculty board to determine which professors deserve a raise, or consideration for tenure. That being said, they have to be taken seriously, by the students, the professors, and the faculty boards. If they are discarded as simple formalities instead of given thoughtful interpretation and implementation, then they become a wasteful bureaucratic process. In this regard, assessments can have a great value as long as they are completed in good faith and are not personal attacks against a professor or a course. They can provide specific examples and criteria on which to judge the success of not only a professor, but the course in general. Furthermore, assessments can be used across the board to map overall trends of the courses and the professors that teach them. Some institutions favor great professors while others are more focused on high profile research projects or on having their professors be powerful publishing presences. If the goal of the institution is on the students themselves, then student assessments are vital parts of determining which professors best suit this aim. I think assessments are an overall positive approach to improving curriculum. They have to remain anonymous in order to maintain their integrity and honesty. Professors need to learn from them in the manner they are intended, that is that they are implemented with the greater good in mind; for the students, for the professors, and for the institutions of guiding principle.

The Physiology of Fitness Essay Example for Free

The Physiology of Fitness Essay What is an acute response? An acute response is an immediate response to exercise. Acute exercise will last throughout the full length of your training session. During the training session our bodies begin to respond to the exercises we are doing and begin to feel the changes within our bodies and mind due to physical strain and stress of the physical activity in lots of different ways. Musculoskeletal response Increased blood supply: the increased blood supply occurs in the body due to the increase in demand for more oxygen and this is due to the working muscles needing more oxygen and energy during exercise. With there been an increase in blood supply that means there will be greater amounts of oxygen been delivered around the body at a faster speed due to the heart pumping blood around the body at a faster pace. Increase in muscle pliability: Muscle pliability is the stretchiness of your muscles and connective tissues. When muscles become warm they become more pliable and this helps reduce the risk of an individual becoming injured during exercise and this is because the muscles contract quickly when the body is exercising. When the muscles are contracting they produce heat which then a=makes the muscle more pliable. The warmer the muscle becomes the further you can stretch it each time without the muscle becoming weakened or injured. Increased range of movement: Synovial fluid is the result of joint movement and allows joints to move without them rubbing together and causing friction. During exercise joint changes occur and this is because the synovial fluid becomes less viscous (the measure of thickness of a fluid) so therefore the range of movement at the joint will increase. Muscle fibre micro tears: When muscles are put under pressure whilst exercising tiny tears occur. These tears within the muscles cause swelling, which then puts pressure on the nerve endings which causes a lot of pain. To help strengthen the muscles and help repair the micro tears you need to rest and you can strengthen the muscles  by training. Energy systems Everything in our bodies requires energy and our body mainly needs energy to move. Energy can be generated in different ways and this is depending upon the duration or intensity of the exercise that the individual is performing. Phosphocreatine: The ATP-PC system can also been known as the alactic acid system. During exercise the ATP-PC energy system works between 1-10 seconds long it usually consists of different sport activities like: high jumpers, long jumpers, javelin and shot putters. This energy system doesn’t produce lactic acid and it works without oxygen. When the body has been doing exercise your body uses the energy source ATP. When ATP has been used within the body this energy system is the first fuel to be called upon the body to resynthesize ATP. ATP-PC utilizes Phosphatecreatine and this then allows high intensity muscle contractions. The maximum storage this energy can take up without the individual training is less than 8 seconds in duration. So this means tha t this energy system can work at a high intensity but only for a short period of time! There are ways in which Creatine phosphate (CP) can be increased within the human body and that is through training. By training levels of CP will increase by: †¢Speed training †¢Creatine loading Both of these delay the use of the lactic anaerobic system but even though it delays it still gives 15 seconds of energy stored in the body. The ATP is stored in the muscle and liver and this can produce energy quickly. Nerve impulses in the body trigger the breakdown of ATP into ADP, however for this to continue ad for the body to continue to use this energy system, the ATP must be resyntesized /rebuilt and this comes from the splitting of phosphocreatine. When the ATP is used, it is rebuilt but this will only happen as long as there is phosphocreatine available within the body. Energy is released from the phosphocreatine breaking off and from this it resynthesizes in the mitochondria and the ADP adds on the phosphate to remake ATP. The ATP-P system doesn’t provide a lot of energy but it is used for quick and powerful movements. For example: A 100m runner would use the ATP-PC system due to the fact that the athlete would need a short powerful burst of movement to be able to get off the blocks quickly. Another example  of this energy is for a shot putter. They would use this energy system because they don’t need a lot of energy for their sport, all they need is a short powerful burst of energy to be able to get a strong, powerful thrown and to be able to throw the shot-putt a long way. All these different sporting examples last up to 8-10 seconds and this is the energy production. The speed of energy production for Phosphocreatine is very fast, although the amount of ATP produced is very limited. The time it takes to recover from the ATP-PC energy system is 30 seconds up to 4 minutes. The phosphocreatine works when your body is working at high intensity at around 90-100%. The strengths of the Phosphocreatine system is because the source is stored in the muscles and liver so it can produce energy very quickly using a short burst. This means that there will be a higher force of contraction. There are also no waste products within this system. Another advantage/strength of this energy system is the recovery time. Phosphocreatine recovery time is shorter than the others which mean that the athlete can perform the event again quickly. For example: shot putters use this energy system because they have to perform 3 throws within a short period of time, so because the recovery time is between 30 seconds to 3 minutes this is the perfect energy system due to the fact they need to recover quickly to be back to their top level of performance. To improve the force of contraction, an athlete should do plyometric training and Creatine loading, this will increase powerful movements. There are some weaknesses of the Phosphocreatine system and there are: the amount of ATP that is produced is limited. It is limited due to the Creatine been stored in the muscles and liver. Although it gives a short burst of energy it only lasts around 8 seconds which is a weakness if it is used for endurance events because it wouldn’t be able to produce an explosive and powerful movement. A marathon runner wouldn’t be able to use this Phosphocreatine system because it only releases a short burst of energy of about 8 seconds whereas marathon runners need to use the aerobic energy system because the duration is unlimited and the oxygen will never run out. Lactic acid: This energy system is used without using any oxygen. It is used for activities that use large amounts of energy over a short period of time. The glycogen stored in the muscles helps the breakdown of ATP to become ADP  with no oxygen involved. Seen as though the glycogen is stored in the muscles and liver it is available quickly. This system provides ATP when ATP-PC runs out. ATP-PC lasts for a few seconds; the lactic acid system is an anaerobic energy system which allows 2-3 minutes of work. In the lactic acid system the process to produce ATP is not as fast as ATP-PC which makes contractions slower. When oxygen is not present the end product of glycolysis is lactic acid this causes the muscles to fatigue. Anaerobic glycolysis but it is then less efficient in producing ATP than aerobic glycolysis but is needed for a large burst of energy lasting a few minutes. The speed of the energy production in the Lactic acid system is fast, the energy source is glycogen. Although the amount of ATP produced is limited. Lactic acid is the by product in the production of waste products. This anaerobic energy system is used when the body is working at a moderate intensity of 60-95%. The length of time it takes to recover when the Lactic acid system has been used is 20 minutes up to 2 hours. For example: This energy system would be used for events and sports such as 800m, football and rugby games. The Lactic acid energy system would be used when an athlete is performing the 800m because you need a large burst of energy but you need it to last for a few minutes, as you do for a football, rugby game. Although all these sports would use all of the energy systems in some form. You would also use this anaerobic energy system for football/rugby game because the glycogen is stored in the muscle and liver so it is available quickly and the time is takes to recover is short so it can keep replenishing itself throughout the game. The strengths of the Lactic acid system is that is produces energy quickly, compared to the aerobic system because that releases energy slowly but lasts for an unlimited duration whereas the lactic acid system is a high intensity but for a long duration. This system lasts longer than the Phosphocreatine system because the lactic acid system uses glycogen stores which aid the resynthesis of ATP. The weaknesses of this system are that it doesn’t last as long as the aerobic energy system because the glycogen stores are limited which means it doesn’t produce energy for as long. Another disadvantage is that it causes lactic acid within the muscles which causes muscle soreness and fatigue which could lead to a drop in intensity. Aerobic: The aerobic energy system is the energy system that uses oxygen; it uses large muscle groups continuously over a period of time. Aerobic glycolysis and fatty oxidation is the resynthesis of ATP from carbohydrates and fat. Aerobic glycolysis uses glucose from the stores of the body. Glucose and oxygen are transported by the working muscles by the blood. These substances are then used by the body to produce energy. These substances are then used by the body to produce energy. This process creates the by-products carbon dioxide and water. This energy system is used for intensity exercise because this system uses oxygen. This allows unlimited duration at low intensity. Aerobic energy system uses long chain stores of glucose, this then break up further into glucose which is then used as a fuel within the body. This happens through the process of glycolysis and then in to the Krebs cycle where here it completes the oxidation of glucose, this creates more ATP. The chemical process in which it goes through, an aerobic glycolysis occurs is when Creatine Phosphate runs out, the muscles call upon the stores of glucose (glycogen). This system creates a waste product which is called Pyruvic acid. The body deals with this by the oxygen breaking down the Pyruvic acid into carbon dioxide and water. However if activity levels are too intense and not enough oxygen can be inspired then the Pyruvic acid is not broken down and it then converts into lactic acid. The speed of energy production for the aerobic energy system is slow but the amount of ATP that is produced is unlimited. This is why this energy system is used for marathon runners and cross country runners because they need to use large muscle groups within their body but for a long period of time. They also use this system because the amount of oxygen produced is unlimited so they can produce energy forever and ever without the oxygen never running out. This is why the lactic acid system and Phosphocreatine system isn’t used for long distance runners because the oxygen will run out. The advantages of the anaerobic energy system are that the system will work for an unlimited period providing glycogen stores and oxygen with high enough levels. This system lasts longer than the other two which allows an athlete to maintain high workloads for longer period of time. Another advantage would be that it can respond to high workloads much more quickly than the aerobic system meaning it can last for longer periods of time. Furthermore the anaerobic energy system is capable of supplying fuel to the cells even  when there is an oxygen deficit, which means that even when there is low oxygen the cells will still get some energy. The disadvantages of the anaerobic system are the fact that due to the lack of oxygen, glycolysis takes place which is catabolic (destructive) to the muscle cells if the process continues for too long. Lactate and hydrogen ions are produced. The lactate is used to continue energy production (current theory), while the hydrogen ions irritate the muscle tissue and chemically limit muscle contraction. This creates the burning sensation and the heavy wooden feeling in the muscles. Another disadvantage to this energy system would be that the system cannot supply energy for extended periods. When fully trained, an athlete can sustain sub anaerobic threshold intensities for 1 to 1.5 hours. Fuel resources are used up very rapidly and the body cannot synthesize fats and protein quickly enough to supply this system so, glycogen and carbohydrates must be used. Energy continuum: The term energy continuum is used to describe the types of energy system that are used during various physical activities. Energy is obtained through food and this is particularly carbohydrates and fats. This energy is transferred from the food into the proteins that are in the muscles. By the body doing this it will help determine the capacity at which intensity the body will exercise for. †¢The energy continuum is the interaction of the 3 energy systems to provide energy to resynthesize ATP. It shows the predominant system or percentage of each system dependant on their intensity and duration of the activity. †¢The most dominant energy system within our bodies would be the ATP/PC. At the beginning of exercise all three energy systems start however as we begin to exercise the PC (Phosphate Creatine) is used up meaning the lactic acid system then takes over. After this (depending on the intensity of the activity), the lactic acid/aerobic energy system is reached between 1-3 minutes. The aerobic system now becomes the main provider of energy for the ATP resynthesis. Describe the cardiovascular and respiratory systems responses to acute exercise Heart rate anticipatory response: This means the rate that the heart reaches before the start of exercise. When the body knows that it’s about to do exercise, the heart rate increases even though no exercise has  been done yet. Nerves release chemicals in the body which adjust the heart rate to increase the heart rate. This is because the body knows exercise is about to be done therefore the heart rate increases pumping more oxygenated blood to the muscles ensuring that the muscles already have a sufficient supply of oxygen for when they begin to exercise. Activity response: The activity response is very similar to the heart rate anticipatory response. At the start of exercise, nerves in the medulla detect cardiovascular activity. The nerves then send out chemical signals which increase the heart rate and the strength at which the heart is pumping. This makes more blood travel to the working muscles faster which is vital as the blood contains oxygen which ensures the muscles can carry on working. Regional blood flow is also altered to meet the requirements of blood needed at working places. This means that the working areas such as the quadriceps when running will have a higher blood flow coming to it than un-working areas such as the kidneys. Increased blood pressure: There are two types of blood pressure and these are known as systolic and diastolic. One of the body’s acute responses to exercise is to increase the blood pressure. This is because the demand for oxygenated blood to the working muscles increases therefore the amount and speed of the blood going to the working muscles must also increase. There are mechanisms in place which prevent blood pressure getting too high as this can cause a heart attack and possible death. Vasoconstriction: Vasoconstriction is when the body notices a change in temperature and begins become to come cold and it does certain things to ensure the body doesn’t lose too much heat. The blood vessels of the body constrict which means they decrease in size and this ensures as much heat as possible remains in the body as there is a smaller surface area and the blood flow decreases. Vasodilatation: Vasodilatation is one of the mechanisms the body has in place to ensure it remains at a safe temperature. It is the opposite of vasoconstriction in the way that vasodilatation functions to cool the body down. When the body notices the temperature is too high, the blood vessels will dilate which means to increase in size in an attempt to increase the blood flow. The larger surface area allows more heat to diffuse out of the body and therefore cools the body down. Control of breathing (neural): When an individual is doing exercise their body  needs more oxygen to be brought into our to the fact the demand for oxygen increases from the working muscles in order to carry on working. This is why our breathing rate increases when we are doing exercise. More oxygen is brought in by the increased breathing rate which goes on to be diffused into the blood and transported to the working muscles. If breathing rate didn’t increase, there wouldn’t be enough oxygen to meet the demands of the working muscles and exercise wouldn’t be able to take place. Control of breathing (chemical): Within our bodies there are things called chemoreceptors and these are what help to detect an imbalance of carbon dioxide levels and oxygen levels in the blood. Chemoreceptors are hydrogen ions that measure the pH levels of the blood. If something is not right, this hydrogen ion can tell the breathing rate to increase to ensure that the blood becomes neutral again. Increased tidal volume: Tidal volume is the measure of the amount of air inhaled and exhaled with each breath we take. During exercise, the tidal volume increases a significant amount. This increase happens as the breathing rate has to meet the huge demands of oxygen needed by the respiring muscles. The increase of the tidal volume allows a bigger intake of oxygen and also a bigger exhale of carbon dioxide which is produced by the working muscles and needs to be out of the body as it is a waste product.

New Zealand Rail System SWOT

New Zealand Rail System SWOT Summary This task is based on entrepreneurship and innovation. In this task im getting to explain key functions internal setting, system structure and organization culture, external environment, pestle, government policy, common law, opportunities and SWOT by using the example of the given company thats kiwi train. Introduction The New Zealand rail system grew from separate beginnings made by individual provinces or entrepreneurs from the 1860s onwards. Colonial Treasurer and later Premier Sir Julius Vogel made rail a major plank in his programme to develop the colony in 1870. By 1880 New Zealand Railways (NZR) was operating more than 1,900 kilometres of track, and carrying almost 3 million passengers and 830,000 tonnes of freight a year. The first half of the twentieth century was a golden age for rail. In 2003, Toll Holdings Limited, an Australian-based transportation and logistics operator, acquired approximately 85 percent of the shares in Trans Rail. As a result of Tolls offer for shares in Trans Rail becoming unconditional, an agreement between Toll and the Crown was triggered, a key feature of which was the buy-back of track and associated infrastructure by the Crown. The Crown undertook to invest $200 million in improving rail infrastructure while Toll undertook to invest $100 million in new rolling stock. In September 2004, ownership and management of the network and its assets was vested in the existing Railway Corporation of New Zealand which adopted the trading name, Kiwi Rail Network (ONTRACK). Under the agreement, Toll retained exclusive rights to the network for freight purposes, subject to meeting minimum tonnage levels annually. Key terms: Creativity is the capacity to grow new thoughts and to discover new techniques for taking a gander at issues and openings. For Example:- they create different trains that have very high speed Innovation is the capacity to apply imaginative answers for those issues and openings keeping in mind the end goal to improve individuals lives or to advance society (tvnz, 2016). For Example:-Â   kivi train provide the gift cards Entrepreneurship is the consequence of a restrained, efficient procedure of applying inventiveness and development to requirements and openings in the commercial centre. Entrepreneurs are the individuals who wed their innovative thoughts with the deliberate activity and structure of a business. Specialists trust that business visionaries prevail by deduction and doing new things or old things in new ways. Internal environment: these are the minor factor into the companythat organizations internal environment is composed of the elements within the decisions about circumstances that occur frequently within their organization along with internal environment is composed of the elements within the organization, including current employees, management, and especially corporate culture, which defines employee behaviour (Cj0KEQiA8orFBRCEpODivaOft, 2016). Although some elements affect the organization as a whole, others affect only the manager. Strength Favourable circumstances of your association show improvement over any other individual Novel or most reduced cost assets would you be able to draw upon that others Individuals in your market see as your qualities get the deal Weakness Able to move forward It be advisable for you to maintain a strategic distance Individuals in your market prone to see as shortcomings Elements lose you deals Opportunities Changes in technology and markets on both a broad and narrow scale. Changes in government policy related to your field. Changes in social patterns, population profiles, lifestyle changes, and so on. Local events. Threats would you be able to move would it be advisable for you to maintain a strategic distance Individuals in your market prone to see as shortcomings Elements lose you deals External environment External environment refers to the major factors and forces outside the organization that have the potential to significantly affect the performance of an organization with help of pestle (transport, 2016). Political: Political factors identifies with the weights and openings brought by political establishments and to what degree the administration strategies affect the business. Government arrangements Trading arrangements Funding, awards and activities Lobbying and weight bunches Internal political issues Legal: legislation factors identifies with the laws, control and enactment that will influence the way the business works. Current enactment Future enactment International enactment Regulatory bodies and procedures Employment law Structure: the staff of kiwi train is working according to the rules and regulations. They follow all the structure because they working under legalisation. Conclusion: The New Zealand rail system grew from separate beginnings made by individual provinces or entrepreneurs from the 1860s onwards. Colonial Treasurer and later Premier Sir Julius Vogel made rail a major plank in his programme to develop the colony in 1870. New Zealand which adopted the trading name, Kiwi Rail Network (ONTRACK). Under the agreement, Toll retained exclusive rights to the network for freight purposes, subject to meeting minimum tonnage levels annually. Reference: Cj0KEQiA8orFBRCEpODivaOft. (2016, 2). Retrieved from http://www.kiwirailscenic.co.nz/?gclid=Cj0KEQiA8orFBRCEpODivaOft_EBEiQAy3mlfSAhh5KDEGUJl2BEFsxTSPH6hjNn4gZ4p2ThsVhnxrgaAmOj8P8HAQ transport. (2016, 2). Retrieved from http://www.transport.govt.nz/rail/rail-in-new-zealand/ tvnz. (2016, 2). Retrieved from https://www.tvnz.co.nz/one-news/new-zealand/overseas-climate-action-encouraging-kiwi-innovation

Different Brains, Different Realities? Essay -- Biology Essays Researc

Different Brains, Different Realities? Most of us go through our days not questioning why separate aisles in toy stores are designated to boy-toys such as puzzles and blocks and girl-toys such as dolls and tea sets. We do not always consciously notice that men dominate certain professional fields while women do others. And why are there a higher percentage of gay men (or more "feminized" men) in the dramatic, passionate world of the performing arts? Are these sex trends all enculturation? If we do not stop to explore the origins and implications of our observations, we make the mistake of glossing over them with the non-informative, "fact-of-life" explanation that neglects the why of the issue. Perhaps one such "why" involves biological premises. The steroid hormones secreted by the gonads (mainly androgens in males and estrogens and progestins in females), for instance, are not restricted to the lower half of the body and are known to have divergent effects on the brains of the separate sexes. Although the male and female brain may appear identical structurally (except for the male's being about 10% larger) (1), morphological differences abound. The brain is organized by the presence or absence of androgens neonatally, long before it gets a chance to interact with its culture. In rodents, for instance, testosterone masculinizes the brain to prevent ovulatory capacity and establish male-typical behavior. This phenomenon is accomplished by aromatization, or the paradoxical conversion of testosterone to estrogen in the brain. Female rodents are protected from this estrogen-based masculinization by a protein in the blood called AFP. A small amount of estrogen does actually seep into the brain, however, and this might be resp... ... of stupidity or "weirdness." It is useful to recognize that we may, in essence, be experiencing different realities! As we learn to stop underestimating the power of a hormone, we can also learn more about ourselves, the opposite sex, and our interactions. And, just as we must sometimes "agree to disagree," perhaps we must also be willing to "understand to not understand." References 1)This paper reflects the research and thoughts of a student at the time the paper was written for a course at Bryn Mawr College. Like other materials on Serendip, it is not intended to be "authoritative" but rather to help others further develop their own explorations. Web links were active as of the time the paper was posted but are not updated. Contribute Thoughts | Search Serendip for Other Papers | Serendip Home Page http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/cgi-bin/comments Different Brains, Different Realities? Essay -- Biology Essays Researc Different Brains, Different Realities? Most of us go through our days not questioning why separate aisles in toy stores are designated to boy-toys such as puzzles and blocks and girl-toys such as dolls and tea sets. We do not always consciously notice that men dominate certain professional fields while women do others. And why are there a higher percentage of gay men (or more "feminized" men) in the dramatic, passionate world of the performing arts? Are these sex trends all enculturation? If we do not stop to explore the origins and implications of our observations, we make the mistake of glossing over them with the non-informative, "fact-of-life" explanation that neglects the why of the issue. Perhaps one such "why" involves biological premises. The steroid hormones secreted by the gonads (mainly androgens in males and estrogens and progestins in females), for instance, are not restricted to the lower half of the body and are known to have divergent effects on the brains of the separate sexes. Although the male and female brain may appear identical structurally (except for the male's being about 10% larger) (1), morphological differences abound. The brain is organized by the presence or absence of androgens neonatally, long before it gets a chance to interact with its culture. In rodents, for instance, testosterone masculinizes the brain to prevent ovulatory capacity and establish male-typical behavior. This phenomenon is accomplished by aromatization, or the paradoxical conversion of testosterone to estrogen in the brain. Female rodents are protected from this estrogen-based masculinization by a protein in the blood called AFP. A small amount of estrogen does actually seep into the brain, however, and this might be resp... ... of stupidity or "weirdness." It is useful to recognize that we may, in essence, be experiencing different realities! As we learn to stop underestimating the power of a hormone, we can also learn more about ourselves, the opposite sex, and our interactions. And, just as we must sometimes "agree to disagree," perhaps we must also be willing to "understand to not understand." References 1)This paper reflects the research and thoughts of a student at the time the paper was written for a course at Bryn Mawr College. Like other materials on Serendip, it is not intended to be "authoritative" but rather to help others further develop their own explorations. Web links were active as of the time the paper was posted but are not updated. Contribute Thoughts | Search Serendip for Other Papers | Serendip Home Page http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/cgi-bin/comments

Overview of Women’s History in Korea Essays -- Culture Asia Essays

Overview of Women’s History in Korea In modern day Korea, women are actively involved in many career fields, such as education, law, literature, sports, medicine, and engineering. However, it wasn’t too long ago that women were confined only to the home and family. The introduction of Christianity to Korea helped elevate women’s roles through schools ran by missionaries. Some were even specifically for educating women. (Korean Overseas Information Service, 2001) Many of the educated women began getting involved in religious work, teaching, the arts, and of course, the enlightening of other women. But it wasn’t until the establishment of the Republic of Korea in 1948, when women began gaining constitutional rights for equal opportunities in the work force, education, and public life. The economic growth that Korea has experienced at this time, and even today has contributed to the large amount of women going into the work force. The high amount of women in the work force, in professional jobs influenced the government to pass the â€Å"Equal Employment Act† of 1987 to prevent discrimination against females regarding hiring practices and promotion opportunities. However, with this added freedom, many Korean women feel highly pressured because they are burdened with both earning a living and their traditional roles as housewives. Modern Korean women are facing both physical and mental exhaustion due to the demands of society and their families. Add to that, childcare is a major problem in Korea. Although laws have been passed to promote the employment of women, and facilities for childcare should be provided, the reality is that childcare is sadly lacking. Recently, the government further suppo... ... capitalistic industrialization established of the 1960’s on the other.† (Chung, 1997) In other words, due to Confucius beliefs, women have not experienced total freedom in their private or public lives. Yet overtime, things will improve for Korean women due to the recent legislation set up to help further strengthen their roles in the workforce, education, and hopefully, in their private lives as well. Resources: 1. Women’s Contemporary Roles in Korea. Retrieved from the Internet on September 15, 2003. (http://www.askasia.org/Korea/r15) 2. Nugent, Sookja Chung. Korean Women’s History- An Overview. Korean Quarterly. (Fall, 1998). 3. (http://www.womeninworldhistory.com/heroine7.html) 4. Chung, Connie. Korean Society and Women: Focusing on the Family (1997). (http://www.hcs.harvard.edu/~yisei/backissues/spring_95/yisei_95_30.html)

GMO Foods :: Science Agriculture Papers

GMO Foods A great deal of controversy has arisen with the advent of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs), especially surrounding the production, sale, and consumption of genetically modified foods. Many people are concerned, if not convinced, that the consumption of GMO foods by human beings may pose serious health risks. The concern is centered around the notion that there could potentially be various different unforeseen consequences due to the consumption of GMO foods. In addressing potential side effects and byproducts of the creation of transgenic foods, such as potential toxicity and allergenicity, it was found that the possibility and probability of these side effects are being regularly assessed and precautions are being taken to detect and avoid them. Horizontal Gene Transfer (HGT) was also taken into consideration and though it is indeed possible that gene transfer of the genetically modified (GM) gene into the DNA of mammalian cells could occur, it would not have any persisten t or negative effect on the recipient. HGT into microorganisms might be a concern if antibiotic resistance was conveyed to the recipient but in light of this fact resistance to key antibiotics is not used in the creation of GMOs. Therefore, the overall potential of GM foods to have negative effects on human health due to the aforementioned phenomena is negligible. Introduction The commercial production and consumption of Genetically Modified (GM) foods is perceived by many to be a novel technology that has been poorly evaluated and could potentially be harmful to humans. Though these foods seem very new, the first regulatory approval of GM crops occurred in 1995 (A. Konig et al., 2004). It was in the mid-1980s that the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development and the US Office of Science and Technology Policy were working to assess the safety and need for regulation of GM crops and any other foods produced using GM crops. That puts us back at least twenty years from today in our ongoing scrutiny of the safety of GM foods.

Feinberg

Feinberg’s Theory of Freedom and Rights The exact meaning of â€Å"freedom† is often misunderstood due to the many meanings the word has taken on. When a man was labeled â€Å"free† decades ago, it was to distinguish if you were simply talking about his legal rights or the characteristics his status. If someone tells you now-a-days that they are â€Å"free† it now poses the problem of not knowing exactly what they are free from. Is the man free from debt, from his country’s government or from his sins? We will not know until more information is given to us.We just know he is free from something that was constraining. Feinberg draws a tie between constraints and desires which lead him to the conclusion that freedom is unsatisfied when constrains stand in the way of our desires. When this happens, our reaction is frustration, which is considered unhappiness. With that idea, having freedom would conclude that the person was considered happy. This may s eem far- fetched but drawn up thoroughly by Feinberg. The idea of being happy when having freedom is board.We need to figure out what kind of freedom is being awarded. There is positive and negative freedom. But watch out, the names are misleading. Positive doesn’t always mean â€Å"great† or â€Å"pleasant† in this case and negative freedom doesn’t necessarily meaning â€Å"awful† or â€Å"appalling. † On top of â€Å"positive† and â€Å"negative† constraints being factors in the definition of a person’s freedom, we also have to look at the source of the constraint. It can either be external or internal meaning the source is coming from an outside source or within you.A great definition was stated in Feinberg’s article â€Å"If the distinction between internal and external is to be put to political use, perhaps the simplest way of making it is by means of merely spatial criterion: external constraints are those that come from outside a person’s body-cum-mind, and all other constraints. † (p. 13) With the idea of external and internal constraints brought into the picture, we now have a pool of constraints to choose from. Positive external, negative internal are just a few examples.Positive now means â€Å"addition or adding something on,† whereas negative means â€Å"taking away or lack of. † An example of an internal positive constraint would be a headache whereas an external positive constraint would be a lock door. An example of an internal negative constraint would be ignorance whereas an external negative constraint would be a lack of money. Once we can see that there are different types of constraints, there is no real reason to speak of the two different types of freedom.The reason there is no longer a need to discriminate is that if nothing prevents me from doing something, I am free to do something conversely, I am free to do something then nothing preven ts me from doing something. Feinberg’s idea of â€Å"human rights† was they were sometimes understood to be ideal rights, sometimes conscientious rights and sometimes both. They are considered moral rights due to the fact that each person held them equally, unconditionally. He doesn’t suggest the rights are moral by definition and leaves that up for argument but does admit that there is a possibility that human rights don’t even exists.

Individualized Education Program Essay

Introduction fostering is important for solely babyren, but even to a vaster extent so for peasantren with disabilities, whose social and economic opportunities may be moderate (Aron & Loprest, 2012. ) Depending on the quality of procreation doors depart open and the quality of manner will separately be primed(p) by whizzs organic evolution. oer the decease decades children with disabilities view as received numerous a nonher(prenominal) benefits under the teaching method system. on that point is first identification of disabilities and greater inclusion. When educators intervene primaeval, problems poop be sic, and if a child is identified with a regulateing check restorative measurings raft be taken.Although fussy teaching method jurisprudences construct condescend a immense commission, on that lead atomic number 18 current and futurity ch on the wholeenges that oblige to be overcome. This ara interests me because thither be huge gaps groomingally amongst alter children and their non-disabled peers, and it is important that specific didactics children extend to to their full potential. Historical breeding and period Legislation Within the last four decades legal trades have resulted in many major policies in the way of educating children with disabilities. Before the 1970s the children with disabilities had few knowledgeal rights. more children with a baulk were denied a public culture. However, both federal laws that were en goed in 1975 would bring around changes. These laws were, The procreation for each Handicapped pincerren Act (EHA) and the Individuals with Disabilities Act (IDEA). The EHA establishes a right to public knowledge for all children regardless of disability, while the IDEA requires informs domiciliate one-on-oneized or sp atomic number 18 rearing for children with qualifying disabilities (Correspondent, 2012). In 1990, Public fair play 101-476 was enacted which rename d EHA to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act.This law expanded the eligibility categories to let in autism and traumatic brain injuries as healthful as defining assistive employ science devices and overhauls. In 1997, Public Law 105-17 often called IDEA 97 was enacted. This brought the transition scheme of the Individual Education Plan (IEP) into effect. An IEP had to stigmatize out goals and indicators to fit the expects of a disabled child. The IDEA also requires that education occur in the least regulatory environment and requires takes to take a childs disability into account when enforcing field of study (Correspondent, 2012).In 2001 and 2004, the No Child left(p) Behind Act (NCLB) came into being. This act held takedayss responsible for the quality of superfluous(a) education returnd. This act also added applied science assistance and bestow course of studys to help schools acquire claimed special education picks. According to Aron & Loprest, (2012), by the 200405 school year, more than 6. 7 million children (13. 8 part of all school-age childs nationally) were receiving special education operate with the law. The number of children military advantaged sphereed the highest in the middle of the decade. Since then the number of special education students has been gradually declining, and as of the 200910, school year, stood at 6. 5 million, or 13. 1 percent, of all students educated in the USA. Current Best Practices in supererogatory Education Best practices in special education be linked to the childs IEP. The No Child Left tush Act sets out guidelines for having each child reach comparatively to other children without disabilities. Teachers need to follow through.Goals argon set for each child and the curriculum is modified to impact each childs individual of necessity. The teaching process is designed to be fluid, so lessons atomic number 18 adjusted, supplement materials ar utilized and best practice s that are back up by research are utilized. Students are taught in whole class, small group or on an individual bottom as the need arises. Many special education students should be taught in inclusion classrooms. If the student has a special disability like Autism, the curriculum needs to be tailored to meet the needs of the student.Since in that location is network of persons responsible instructor, counselor, IEP team, kindles and so on, they all need to work together, and there are several accountability measures that need to be followed. In relation to associations, The internal connecter of Special Education Teachers (NASET) is the only matter Membership shaping constituent the needs of special education teachers. The Council for particular(a) Children (CEC) is the largest external organization for both the gifted and students with disabilities.The National Association of Special Education Teachers (NASET) is an organization that entrusts a website with resources l ike certification, professional courses, e-journals and IEP issues and so on. There is also the National stub to Improve Practice in Special Education and the World associations of Persons with Disabilities. Special applied science and Future Trends Under IDEA, 2004, equal approach path to applied science for all individuals irrespective of their abilities has been the focus. However, although engineering science in special education has change within recent years with the focus being on assistive technology, more needs to be accomplished.An assistive service is defined as, any service that instantaneously assists a child with a disability in the selection, acquisition, or uses of an assistive technology device (Bausch & Ault, 2008). On the other return an assistive technology according to lee(prenominal) & Templeton is defined as any item, second of equipment, or product system that is utilize to increase, maintain, or improve the functional capabilities of a child with a disability. Service providers mustiness understand the nature of the disability whether cognitive, physiologic or sensory impairments and recommend the book assistive technology.Once a student is in need of an assistive technology device as recommended in the IEP, the school must provide it at no apostrophize to the parents. Lee & Templeton (2008), identify that quadruple major models that have had signifi orduret constituent to the delivery of AT go are The SETT (Student, Environment, Tasks, & Tools) Framework (Zabala, Bowser, & Korsten, 2004), Tech Points (Bowser & Reed, 1995), chambers Model (Chamber, 1997), and Unifying operative Model (Melichar & Blackhurst, 1993) (Cited in Lee & Templeton, p. 213).However, the law related to assistive technology is obscure and providers are challenged to bankrupt hard-hitting AT service to meet needs. Many of the technical devices that have recently come on the market have been utilized successfully with special education studen ts. For example, the dialogue challenges that many driveers with Autism Spectrum Dis outrank (ASD) possess have been unflinching with newer technology like the iPad. Tools like the iPad buttocks swear learning for students with ASD. Children with autism have no control over the grand of learning coming at them.Therefore in a regular classroom they would experience brain overload. However, with the iPad they good deal communicate about ideas, play games and even make puzzles. With the iPad children washbowl utilize the interface unlike a laptop that uses a keyboard and a mouse. Many children with ASD clear non communicate or have limited communication skills and then the iPad can serve as their voice and communication device. It can help the child to express his/her needs. all(prenominal) the child needs to do is jibe a screen or point and sweep. The child touches a picture or words and it speaks out loud for them.There are thousands of APPs out there. For example, the emotion app uses diagrams and photographs and can help people with autism who often have a hard time lecture to other people because they have obstacle reading someones facial nerve cues. improvements, Challenges, and Controversial Issues Educational Assessments as an nation of Improvement The passage of No Child Left Behind meant that students identified as disabled should be included in State testing and the standard use to measure how proficient they were performing should be the same as that used to measure be on of their non-disabled peers.However, although the results suggest some progress, there remain huge gaps amid disabled and non-disabled peers. In the 2009 reading assessment for one-twelfth graders, 64 percent of students with disabilities but 24 percent of other students tested under prefatorial proficiency in maths 76 percent of students with disabilities and 34 percent of other students fell below basic proficiency. (Aron, 2012113). When other grade-levels are assessed they show correspondent gaps.There seems to be many distinguishable reasons for the lower rafts among students with disabilities. The factors cited by one study were type of disability, cognitive ability, race, income, maternal expectations, school absenteeism, and disciplinary problems. Grades, school mobility, and ingeminate a grade level were non significantly related to test scores (Aron, 2012113). Quality of Service as Improvement IDEA and Section 504 are theme to have improved access to education for young people with disabilities.This is attested to be the millions of children who are receiving service. However, critics suggest that special education programs are not always serving the right students, and further many students are not being identified in a timely manner and effrontery the most appropriate and effective services (Aron & Loprest, 2012). Since African Americans are over equal it seems as if some children may be misdiagnosed and inappropriat ely placed in special education, while others may go strange or not receive the services they require.Undoubtedly, many students who eventually receive special education did not receive the primal intervention services to which they were entitled. Furthermore, transitions for young children from early childhood programs to preschool to school are not always smooth. When a child receiving array C services reaches age two and a half, IDEA requires a see between the Part C service agency, parents, and the local education agency to get back continuing eligibility for special education services and to ensure a smooth effective transition to preschool.Critics opinion that this transition is not always timely. Funding as a Challenge Funding is a salutary challenge. When IDEA was enacted, its intention was to help states provide special education by financial backing a portion of the accessal, or excess, cost of special education over global education. The original legislation set the utmost federal parcel at 40 percent of the estimated excess cost of educating children with disabilities, but federal living has never come close to this full funding cap. Resources are also limited.For example, states are accorded to serve children who are at risk of a developmental delay, but only four states have opted to do so, in part because of funding concerns (Aron & Loprest, 2012, p. 108). Parental Conflicts and Litigations as Controversial Issues alliance Advocacy also seems also to set challenges. There seems to be a mass of parental conflict and confrontations since the inception of the IDEA. This is unmingled from the number of litigations involving parents of special education students.Schools should provide in-service sessions geared toward avoiding parental confrontation. Ballard and Hulett (2010) suggest that schools should reach out to a broader range of parent and professional education and human service clusters such as those representing all students , educationally disadvantaged students, English language learners, economically and socially disadvantaged students and students challenged in reading, math and science.Effort should also be make to bind the Internet in an labor to utilize this media of mass digital communication to further promote the objectives of the IDEA. In addition the authorities should pay attention to the disputation made by Ballard & Hewlett (2010), congress should secernate a national study and report. The trip out How and to what degree the IDEA principle of severalise education can be applied to all students in the nation toward the effect of proficiency by the NCLB date of school year 20132014.Why I Chose This battlefield and How It Relates To My Philosophy of Education and Future maestro Goals I chose this field because I opine that through teaching, I can veer students lives and help them to fulfill their goals and in so doing help they make the maximum contribution to developing their coun try and the world. All students could learn and achieve to their full potential if they are allowed to progress at their own pace in collaboration with a conditioned teacher or peer who can provide the needed support to allow them to wrick cognitively.All students include students with disabilities who are often not encouraged and provided with the resources to achieve to their potential. As a transformational teacher (Stevenson, 2010) I can assist special education students to develop to their full potential through collaboration, questioning and hold. As a program instructor at my previous place of employment, I noticed that there was a great deal of third graders that performed poorly on an IQ test and they were not expected to do well academically.However, there was a fourth grade teacher that I worked closely with and she convinced me that they had great potential and would provide extra support to ensure that they achieved. We placed them in the resource room to work in li ttler groups until their levels in basic subjects had improved.This convinced me that students could learn if someone believed in them and provided the necessary support. I want to provide students with this scaffold. Scaffolding can be used as an umbrella metaphor to describe the way that teachers or peers supply students with the tools they need in order to learn (Jacobs, 2001, p.125). According to Vygotsky (1978) students teach through, teacher learner collaboration and negotiation with teacher and peers.The teacher assists the student to reach the regulate of proximal development. This zone is defined as the distance between the actual development by independent problem understand and the level of potential development (Vygotsky, 1978, p. 86. Cited in S. A. McLeod 2010). Transformational teachers are conceptualized as change agents who suck students in active learning activities (reading, writing, discussions), and who develop critical thinking in students (Stevenson, 2010 ).Transformational teachers have mastered the art of classroom questioning. They therefore use inferential, interpretational, reflective, divergent, and transfer questions in the classroom and they teach students to ask questions (The principle Center, 2009). The gaps between what children with disabilities achieve in relation to their non-disabled peers need to be filled. All students could learn and achieve to their full potential if they are allowed to progress at their own pace in collaboration with a knowledgeable teacher who provides the needed support to allow them to grow cognitively.Through being a special education teacher I will make the above philosophy a reality. I aim to provide students with scaffolding or the support they need so they can realize their full potential. Furthermore, I aim to be a change agent in the classroom through utilizing active learning methods, encouraging questions and utilise technology and by being the gas that ignites a passion for learni ng in students. References Aron, L. & Loprest (2012). Disability and the Education System. Future of children. Vol. 22 (1). P. 97-122. Ballard, J. & Hulett, K. (2010). Future implications for Special Education Law.Council for Exceptional Children. Bausch, M. & Ault, M. (2008). Assistive Technology Implementation Plan. A Tool for Improving Outcomes. Council for Exceptional Children, 41(1) p. 6-14. (Correspondent, 2012) report of Special Education in the united States. Special Education News. Sept. 3rd, 2012. http//www. specialeducationnews. com Jacobs, G. (2001) Providing the Scaffold A Model for Early Childhood/ chief(a) Teacher Preparation. Early Childhood Education Journal, Vol. 29 (2), p. 125-130. Lee, H. & Templeton, R. (2008). Ensuring equal access to technology Providing Assistive Technology for students with disabilities.Theory into Practice. 47, p. 212-219. McLeod, S. A. (2010). partition of Proximal Development. Retrieved from http//www. simplypsychology. org/zone-of-Pro ximal-Development. html. Stevenson, J. R. (2010). Understanding the role of transformational teacher. Retrieved April 12, 2013, from http//Bethms. com/articles/pdf_articles/Stevenson_pdf/ The Teaching Center (2009). Washington University, Teaching Center. Wustl. edu Vygotsky, Lev S. (1978). perspicacity in society Development of higher(prenominal) psychological processes. Edited by Cole, M. , John-Steiner, V. , Scribner, S. , Souberman, E. Cambridge, MA Harvard University Press.

People Only See What They Are Prepared to See Essay

Ralph Waldo Emerson once said, mountain except assemble what they are brisk to see. A statement so veridical, that the heap to whom it implies are each non capable of under stallinging it or only whoremasternot take to it. In occurrence, most of humanity can read the undeniably prodigious quote ad infinitum, without comprehending the profound meaning behind it.There are four types of individualities, each reacting to the quote in a different manner. And how individuals react to it, determines their general responses to the situations which life brings upon them. impartial themes are unable to adequately understand the deduction of the quote. Because of their naivety, they are neither able to respond clear to the quote, nor to most situations in life. They are gullible and non- rulingative, thus, only seeing what others want them to see. The majority of people so caracterised are infants and young children. They proceed to look at things from various perspectives beca use they have not yet had profuse experience in life. For instance, if you speak of war with a child, he or she ordain not bop how to respond. The mind of the person is too young for penetrating what to do when spoken to about political conflicts, patriotisms, warfare, dying and other serious matters. In most situations, their innocent, straightforward minds, simply cannot understand the difference between abuse and right until they develop into more sophisticated beings. unwitting people avoid opinion about anything which does not concern them personally. These people apparently have the cogency to see, further because of their personality, are unable to. Until they start caring, they lead not be able to see things which call for care, because they are not yet ready. Many adolescents and defeated people would fall into this category. And why I classify many unsuccessful people is due to the fact that they are unplanned to education and in time, fail to succeed in lif e. Education is the knowledge of life, and if avoided, results in failure at it. If again, you mention war to an ignorant being, he or she forgeting dismiss the opened before it could reach the brains recalling process. These personalities could never go below the surface of the topic. self-possession is similar to ignorance, but not quite the same. The indomitable pull up stakes not hesitate to plunge into the ocean, but will never reach the bottom so they can examine it in depth. These people will hear a topic they will think about the topic but before smell at it from another viewpoint, their stubbornness will oblige them to form a prejudice opinion. These would be the people who, when spoken to of war, will take a stand on one side before examining the other. For example, if the States is warring with Iraq, many stubborn Americans will run their leader no matter how immoral his actions whitethorn be. Same would imply to the stubborn Iraqis, who will turn down the fact that their leader was corrupt without visualizing him from his victims perspective. Because they are the citizens of their country, they will overlook its faults and never question their governments actions, thus, diving into the situation, but only going half(a) way down, because that is what they are prepared to see, therefore, that is what they see.The realists see everything and accept it as it is. They have the power to make candid decisions and opinions. These are the people who will stand up for what they believe in. They are logical and open-minded. A realist would dive into the ocean, go to the bottom, take time to look at everything in depth, then, and only then, will form an opinion backed by much reasoning. Realists can see everything. Their minds have no road blocks blocking cultivation from entering and processing through their brains. A realist will look at Emersons quote and wholly comprehend its meaning.To what depth you understand this essay will determine how ready your mind is to accept the facts verbalise in it. Literally, you will see everything on these pages. However, mentally, your mind will comprehend only the details herein, for which it is prepared to accept. If you have read this far, you certainly are not ignorant you have already gone below the surface of the quote. If you have understood and accepted everything, congratulations, you are in fact, a realist If not, time may be the remedy to your innocence or stubbornness.

Anguage Learner

scripted materials on strategies of entire delivery lookers ar scarcely operable in the libraries or bookstores in Indonesia, especially, in the matter of face lyric teach and assureing. The teachers and students of incline penury the literary productions to emend their pedagogy and gather uping. Meanwhile, observations and experiences in belief of slope demonstrate that the students spend diverse strategies to regard and learn slope. whatsoever students perceive the quarrel better(p) in concrete situations, others in come up and virtually in both.several(prenominal) students learn it mis physical exertion by step, others in no enjoin system, and more or less both. several(prenominal) students favor a deductive approach, others an inducive one, or so others both. about argon robust in modest groups, others learn the talking to trump in whopping groups and most others alone. However, the students rat be sort into unrealised (poor) talkin g to assimilators and no-hit ( correct) run-in scholarly persons. The inviolable speech learners must(prenominal) take in their take in strategies. What strategies do they use in breeding side of meat? This reputation allow for puree to cause the question.Theoreticians, such(prenominal) as, Rubin, Stern, Rubin and Thompson, Hosenfeld, and Hyland limn the bang-up oral communication learner strategies, self-aggrandizing just about protagonist oneself in state it. The answers argon multi use non except to the students of incline alone as well as to the teachers or lecturers of English as well. In addition, the purpose of this newsprint is to win the English teachers or lecturers to run into their program line not entirely from their statement methods only in addition from their students development strategies and to attend to the students create their strategies of the unspoiled lyric poem learner in their studies.The results of the similitud e may help them accept and harbour the good spoken communication learner strategies that puzzle out for them. They lot reconcile to alternate their in useful schooling strategies with the effective ones. A composing presented in forty-first TEFLIN SEMINAR (an external seminar) held at IKIP Padang on 9 th 11 th family 1993, Padang, west Sumatra, Indonesia