Net Income is defined as the total income Essay Example for Free

Net Income is defined as the total income EssayNet Income is defined as the total income of the company after whole the expenses and other costs from their total revenue. The aim of Net Income is very important for the managers since it is the one that will be divided into the shareholders of the company. The higher the net income, the greater would be the capital gains that stockholder would receive. There are instances that even though the company has high revenue, its net income still remains low due to the higher level of spending or costs. Answer B Leg aloney based, albumins plan is acceptable since theoretically his strategy complies with the available accounting principles.Only that, he was able to play these principles on his hands in order to make their company look profitable based from their records. Ethically based, well of course lights strategy is non ethical since he would trick the bank by virtually making outstrip rhythm complying with their terms and agr eement. Best Bike is profitable on the sheets of account but not in reality. Based from the definition of FASB on revenue, I think that the idea of revenue of Mr. White does not comply with the definition of the revenue of FASB. According to the definition of FASB, revenue is recognized when assets are created or liabilities are extinguished (FASB, 2005).Mr. White was not able to recede the liabilities on their revenue. By allowing his friends and families to make credit purchases and eventually returning the bike to the company after two months would just mean that assets virtually increased by the months November and December and on reality sense it is not the focusing it is since that raise in the assets of Best Bike was just artificial due to the fact that friends and family of Mr. White do not have the intention of paying the bikes that they purchased on credit. As a consequence, in the long run, Best Bike would suffer on study inventory surplus, and if Mr.White was not able to get word long term solution to their problem, probably they would incur large amount of losses due to the indolent turnover of Best Bikes inventories. Answer C In order for Best Bike to Increase their net income, first, they should be able to find ways in cutting their costs of producing a unit of bike. With this, they would now subtract fewer expenses on their total revenue. Another way by which Best Bike could improve their net income would be through cutting their average number of days for inventory turns over. With this, sales would eventually increase giving way for the revenue of the company to increase.Lastly, Best Bikes bad debts in 19X7 as compared to the previous year have falld. With this, expenses of Best Bike will decrease making the net income of the company to increase since there would be fewer expenses that will be deducted to the total revenue, assuming that the total revenue is constant. Answer D I think Best Bike would face a problem regarding their cash flow since they have a lot of collectible from their customers and to make things worst, the sequence it take for the company to collect all the collectibles is about 98 days.Thats too long and would decrease the cash in hand that the company could affair to finance its other operation. Furthermore, inventory turn over of the company is in not good condition. They inventories have to take 130 days before they were all sold to the market. Being able to sell this inventory on a shorter period would mean that they could easily turn their Bikes easily into cash. It is just tantamount to increase the sales of the company since there would be no bikes to stock in the warehouses if the sales turnover of the company is high.

Of Mice and Men - John Steinbeck Essay Example for Free

Of Mice and Men John Steinbeck EssayIn Chapter 4 of Of Mice and Men, John Steinbeck portrays Crooks, Lennie, Candy, and Curleys wife as outcasts who although be l championly and seek each others companionship, ostracize each other nevertheless. Each of said characters seek companionship, are outcasts, and as a result abase one another.Crooks, Candy, Curleys wife, and Lennie are lone(prenominal) and therefore seek companionship. Crooks is a very lonely character, and may in fact be the most diverse due to two his handicap and race. When he gets company, he tries to conceal his pleasure with anger he does not welcome others into his abode because they discriminate against him (his impediment is therefore seen as a spiteful retaliation), but at the same time he is delighted to have company. When Crooks sees Lennie standing at the doorway smiling at him, Crooks gives in and allows him to stay, coitus him you can come if ya want. Lennie is also lonely, for he is drawn to Crooks stable when he sees the light on when he approached Crooks, he smiled helplessly in an attempt to sustain friends. Candy later comes in to the stable, as Crooks allows him to come in he is modest about Crookss welcome, saying of course if you want me to.Candy is a peaceable man virtually unable to take any independent action and his one major act in the book, offering Lennie and George money in effect to go in on a piece of land together, is a means by which he can stick dependent on them this is a result of his impeding loneliness. Lastly, Curleys wife enters the stable. Her presence is almost nomadic she wonders around the whole ranch, seeking company and then parting. Generally considered to be a buttocks by the men at the ranch, Curleys Wife is the only major character in Of Mice and Men whom Steinbeck does not give a name.She dislikes her husband and feels desperately lonely at the ranch, for she is the only woman and feels isolated from the other men, who openly scorn her . She still holds some small hope of a better life, claiming that she had the chance to become a movie star in Hollywood, but otherwise is a blistery and scornful woman who shamelessly uses sex to intimidate the workers. When she enters the stable, she pretends as if she is feel for Curley, but she really just wants company. Each of the aforementioned characters seek each others companionship and company to keep from getting lonely.Crooks, Candy, Curleys wife, and Lennie are also scrutinized as outcasts in the society in which they live, due to their defects Crooks being a black cripple, Candy an old handicapped man, Curleys wife being female, and Lennie whom is afflicted with mental retardation. Their reclusive top is justified in the names in which they call themselves Crooks calls himself black and a busted back nigger. Candy is called a busted sheep, Lennie a dum dum, and Curleys wife a tart. Furthermore, Steinbeck does not give Curleys wife a name this illustrates that wome n in the concurrent era were looked down upon. Crooks, Curleys wife, Candy, and Lennie are further exemplified as outcasts by the fact that Slim, George, and tag left-hand(a) them behind. Crooks, Candy, Curleys wife, and Lennie are exiled from society and left to be alone.With the pain, loneliness, and fear which they feel, Crooks, Candy, Curleys wife, and Lennie degrade each other. They call each other names, and Curleys wife adds to these statements by saying they George, Slim, and Whit left the weak ones behind. Candy calls her a bitch and reminds her that they at least have friends. Candy and Crooks even indicate that they want her to leave, that they have had enough.Crooks, Lennie, Candy, and Curleys wife are represent as outcasts who although are lonely and seek each others companionship, they ostracize each other nevertheless because of the over bearing society in which they live. They demean and bewilder one another to make themselves feel better to attain a private vic tory that the other is more of an outcast than the former. They would rather have bitter company as to no company.

Exogenous IL-10 and Golimumab for Heart Failure Treatment

Exogenous IL-10 and Golimumab for center field Failure TreatmentSynergistic Effect of Exogenous IL-10 and Golimumab in the Treatment for Heart Failure in Rats information track title Heart Failure TreatmentHighlightsThe level of tumour necrosis factor- decreased after manipulation with IL-10 and golimumab.The level of IL-10 was increased by IL-10 unite with golimumab.IL-10 and golimumab give a synergistic effect on HF in rats.ABSTRACTObjectives We attempted to assess the therapeutic effect of exogenous interleukin-10 (IL-10) in combination with golimumab in treating heart visitation (HF) in rats, and provide an experimental basis for clinical application.Methods HF animal model was induced in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats by intraperitoneally slam with adriamycin, and rats in control conclave were treated with 0.9% normal saline. The HF rats were randomly divided into 4 radicals congregation A (HF group, n = 10), group B (IL-10 group, n = 10), group C (golimumab group, n = 10), and group D (IL-10 and golimumab group, n = 10). The normal rats were defined as controls in group E (n=10). Three months later, myocardial functional indexes and hemodynamic indexes of rats in all groups were measured. The levels of TNF- and IL-10 in serum were detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).Results The HF rat model was successfully constructed. After the discourse, compared with group A, the hemodynamic indexes in groups B-D were distinctly different (P P P P Conclusions IL-10 and golimumab has synergistic effect in the treatment of HF in rats, suggesting a potential clinical application of IL-10 combined with golimumab.Key lyric cytokines golimumab heart failure IL-10 TNF-INTRODUCTIONHeart failure (HF) is considered to be a condition in which the heart can hardly pump sufficient decline to meet the need of the body 1. It was demonstrated that HF is closely related to several diseases such(preno minuteal) as hypertension, ischemic heart disease, diabetes, obesity and dyslipidaemia 2. HF has already been a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide 3, 4. It was reported that much(prenominal) than23 million people in the world are suffering from HF 1. Mortality caused by HF is up to 30%-40% within one year, and rise to a rate of 50%-75% within 5 years 5, 6. So, HF has been a health concern all over the world.Previous studies suggested that the imbalance of anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory cytokines played a key role in the betterment of HF 7. Recent studies have highlighted the effects of some cytokines on immune-mediated myocyte injury, postischemic myocardial inflammation, and heart function. Levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-10 (IL-10) are reduced in HF development 8-11. Evidences demonstrated IL-10 controlled inflammation by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokine synthesis and inducted antiapoptotic processes 12. IL-10 can promote healing of ventricular damage to avoid ventricular remodeling 13 , 14. IL-10 can raise humoral immunity by inhibiting cell-mediated immunity to resist HF. Thus, IL-10 is considered to be a candidate for the management of HF, 12. Serum level of pro-inflammatory cytokines of tumor necrosis figure (TNF-) are found to be soaring in experimental models of HF 15. Studies declared that an increase of TNF- concentration resulted in necrosis and apoptosis of myocardial cells, lastly led to ventricular remodeling by the progressive thinning and expansion of ventricular debate 16. TNF- was reported to lower the myocardial systolic function directly 13, 14. Furthermore, evidences unveil the relationship of TNF- and development of HF depute level of TNF- contributed to the development and progression of HF by activation of matrix metalloproteinases, and promotion of myocardial hypertrophy and contracted dysfunction 12.Therefore, the TNF- inhibitors, as medicines for HF treatment, had been becoming the current hot topics in HF studies. Nowadays, etan ercept, a recombinational TNF- inhibitor, had been synthesized already, which inhibit the pro-inflammatory of TNF- due to the interdicted effect for the conjugation of TNF- and cell membrane receptor 17. Golimumab, another TNF- inhibitor, is a monoclonal antibody specific for human TNF- 18. It can inhibit the bioactivity of TNF- via binding to TNF- with high affinity and specificity to prevent TNF- from combination with TNF receptor 19. In addition, IL-10 has been shown to play a pivotal role in the mucosal immune system by inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokine synthesis such as TNF- 20, 21. However, there are few studies reporting the effect of exogenous IL-10 combined with golimumab forthe HF treatment.In the drink study, we used HF rats model, which was induced by intraperitoneal injection with adriamycin (ADR), to explore the effect of exogenous IL-10 combined with golimumab in the treatment for HF. To analyze the therapeutic effects, IL-10 or/and golimumab were intraperitone ally injected into the HF rats and the effects of the treatments were tested by measuring heart functional indexes and level of inflammatory cytokines. In addition, the possible mechanisms of this effect were investigated.MATERIALS AND METHODSRats model of heart failureFifty 10-week-old Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats, including 25 females and 25 males, were provided by science lab animal center, southern medical university Southern Medical University. Forty rats, with 20 females and 20 males, were chosen at random. Rats with HF were induced by intraperitoneal injection with 4 mg/kg adriamycin (ADR) once a week for 6 times. Control rats were given the same volume of normal saline.Experimental design and drug courtAfter 6 weeks, the model rats were randomly divided into 4 experimental groups HF group (group A, n=10), IL-10 group (group B, n=10), golimumab group (group C, n=10), and IL-10 and golimumab group (group D, n=10), with 5 females and 5 males in each group. The normal rats were c onsidered as controls in group E (n=10). Rats in group B was given an intraperitoneally injection of 50 pg/kg IL-10 each week. Exactly, 1 mg/kg golimumab (Centocor Ortho Biotech Inc) was administered intraperitoneally into the rats in group C each month. Rats in group D was intraperitoneally injected with 50 pg/kg IL-10 each week and 1 mg/kg golimumab each month. At the same time, rats in groups A and E received an intraperitoneal injection of 1ml normal saline. Rats in each group were treated for 3 times in total. During the test period, rats were fed on food and clean water freely.EchocardiographyThree months after administration, echocardiographic indicators were obtained utilise a color doppler ultrasonic cardiograph (Vingmed CFM-725). Rats were anaesthetized with 5 ml/kg urethane solution at a concentration of 20% by intraperitoneal injection, and left ventricular long-axis and M-mode curve at the level of the left papillary muscles were measured. Finally, the left ventricle e nd-diastolic diameter (LVEDD), the left ventricle end-systolic diameter (LVESD), left ventricular posterior wall depth (LVPWD) were measured, and the left ventricle fractional shortening (LVFS) can be calculated by the factors above, the formula is as followsLVFS = ( LVEDDLVESD)/LVEDD100%.Measurements of haemodynamic parametersAfter anaesthetization, rats were fixed followed bytracheal intubationwith man-made ventilation. Super-miniature cardiac catheter was connected to multipurposepolygraph (Nikon 4) through the right common carotid artery and ascending aorta. Systolic pressure (ASP), diastolic pressure (ADP) and heart rate (HR) was recorded. As a follow-up, the cardiac catheter were inserted into the left ventricle, the left ventricle systolic pressure (LVSP), the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) and the maximum rate of the left ventricular pressure rise (+dp/dtmax) and decline (-dp/dtmax) were measured. Then, allratsweresacrificed to weight the body. Their heart s were weighted after washing by cold normal saline and drying by filter paper. Finally, Heart weight/Body weight (HW/BW, mg/g) was calculated based on HW and BW.Determination of the level of TNF- and IL-10 in serumAfter hemodynamic evaluation, 2 ml split samples were drawn from the catheter positioned in the left common carotid artery, and collected into a 2 ml tube. After 30 min, the blood samples were centrifuged at 3000 r/min for 10 min. The supernatant were collected into Eppendorf (EP) tube. The concentration of TNF- and IL-10 in serum were detected by using an ELISA kit (RayBiotech. Inc), and experimental procedures were conducted tally to themanufacturersinstructions stringently.Statistical abbreviationThe data were represented as mean standard deviation (SD). Comparisons between groups were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and q-test (Student-Newman-Kueulsmethod). All statistical analyses were performed by using SPSS 12.0 software (SPSS, Chicago, IL). P RESULTSHeart functionW hen the model establishment was completed, all of the rats suffered from HF, presentation symptoms including dyspnea, edema, feed difficulty and oliguria. HF symptoms of the rats in groups B-D were alleviated after the treatment with IL-10, golimumab, and IL-10 and golimumab respectively. Obviously, symptoms of the rats in group D were most significantly alleviated. There was no rat died during the experimentation.Changes of BW, HW and HW/BW in the rats after treatmentAs shown in plug-in 1, the BW and HW of the rats in groups A-D decreased significantly in contrast to those in group E (P P significantly when compared with group A (P 0.05). The BW and HW of the rats in group D were markedly increased compared with group A (422.8534.45 mg vs. 315.4520.56 mg 1355.29112.23 mg vs. 1154.58135.48 mg, P P The results of echocardiographyTable 2 presents the results of echocardiography in the rats. Compared with E group, LVEDD and LVESD of the rats in groups A-D increased significantly (P P P (50.476.48 %) in group D was higher than group A (30.374.35 %, P P 0.05).The hemodynamic indexes changesHemodynamic parameters of the rats in group A had a difference in statistical significance when compared with group E (table 3). After treated with IL-10 and golimumab, ASP and ADP in group D was significantly increased when compared with group A (155.8923.45 mmHg vs. 108.3535.58 mmHg 114.2613.65 mmHg vs. 114.2613.65 mmHg, P most markedly increased compared with group A (125.5828.87 mmHg vs. 85.2515.34 mmHg, P groups B and C. LVEDP in group D (5.230.68 mmHg) was most significantly decreased contrasted with group A (12.451.21 mmHg, P P Level of serum TNF- and IL-10Compared with group E, the level of serum TNF- in groups A-D rose apparently (P P most significantly increased in group D when compared with group A (643.6678.43 pg/ml vs 275.5856.62 pg/ml, P DISCUSSIONHeart failure (HF), as a complex clinical syndrome, is the ultimate end-result of various cardiovascular diseases and the main cause of death 7. HF prevention and treatment have drawn more and more attention inthemedicalfield. It has been reported that TNF- played a central role in the progression of HF 12. Studies indicated that golimumab, as a monoclonal antibody, had powerful on inflammation based on inhibition on pro-inflammatory cytokine of TNF- 18, 19, moreover, the effect of TNF- in many tissue es is modulated by IL-10 22. In the present study, we used HF rats model to determine the effect of exogenous IL-10 combined with golimumab in the treatment for HF. The therapeutic effect of IL-10 combined with golimumab for HF in rats was evaluated according to heart function (changes of heart weight, echocardiographic and hemodynamic indicators) and the variation in the level of serum IL-10 and TNF-.To the best our knowledge, heart hypertrophy ultimately leads to HF 23, and the increase of HW/BW represents a tendency of heart hypertrophy 7. In the present study, no obvious changes of HW/BW were observed in groups B (IL-10 group) and C (golimumab group) compared with group A (HF group). just now HW/BW in group D (IL-10 and golimumab group) was markedly decreased obviously when compared with group A (HF group). These results indicate that treatment with either IL-10 or golimumab is less effective than the combination of IL-10 and golimumab for relieving heart hypertrophy. Studies indicated that treatment targeted the pathological disease such as heart hypertrophy was effective for HF 24.Therefore, our results suggest IL-10 combined with golimumab may have significant effects on prevention of HF.In addition, previous studies suggested that elevated LVEDD and LVESD and declined LVFS led to ventricular remodeling and culminated in progressive HF 25. Based on the echocardiographic data in the present study, we found that LVEDD and LVESD decreased markedly, and LVFS increased in groups B-D compared with group A. Particularly, the most remarkable variation was observed in group D. these results suggest that IL-10 combined with golimumab are more effective inthe treatment of HF by relieving ventricular remodeling.Moreover, changes of hemodynamic parameters are regarded as an important signal of myocardial function which results in HF development 26. In the present study, the hemodynamic measurements were improved in group D compared with groups A by increasing ASP, ADP, LVSP, LVEDP, and dp/dtmax and decreasing LVEDP. Our observations were consistent with the previous findings showing that LVSP, LVEDP, and dp/dtmax were increaded and LVEDP was decreased after completing the study of the HF rats. Furthermore, the previous studies declared that the deterioration of myocardial function in HF rats was more significantly alleviated based on the improvement of hemodynamic measurements after treatment 26, 27. Notably, in our study, hemodynamic parameters in group D were improved compared with groups B and C. Therefore, the results of this study suggest that IL-10 and golimumab may have synergistic effects on improvement of myocardial function to relieve HF symptoms.Furthermore, in the present study, the level of IL-10 and TNF- were detected. The level of serum IL-10 was elevated in groups B-D compared to group A. Similarly, studies observed that an increase in IL-10 content was showed after effective treatment and suggested that improvement in cardiac function was connected with the elevated level of IL-10 28-30. Moreover, level of serum IL-10 in group D was higher than groups B and C, this suggest that the combination of IL-10 and golimumab can most significantly induce the heyday in the level of serum IL-10. Meantime, the results of our study showed that the level of serum TNF- in the rats of HF was significantly declined in group D compared with group A, while we celebrated that the treatment with IL-10 or golimumab only affected little the concentration of serum TNF- in groups B and C. This led us to hypothesize that golimumab is less effective in inhibition of the style of TNF-, but more effective when combined with IL-10. As previous studies declared, TNF- plays a central role in initiating and sustaining the inflammatory response 31 and is a mediator of cardiac pathology acting through inflammatory pathways and activation of myocardial apoptosis 32, 33. On the other hand, IL-10 inhibits cytokine-induced oxidative stress along with affecting the expression of inflammatory cytokines 34. It is suggested that the imbalance between the IL-10 and TNF- in the heart may result in an inflammatory response, which plays a pathogenic role in the development and progression of HF 12. The changes of the serum level of IL-10 and TNF- in our study suggest that IL-10 and golimumab may modulate the inflammatory processes by promoting the expressing of IL-10 and suppressing the expression of TNF-. Therefore, The combination of IL-10 and golimumab may be more effective than IL-10 or golimumab in the treatment of HF via inflammat ory pathways.In conclusion, exogenous IL-10 and golimumab had synergistic effects on HF in rats based on the improvement in myocardial function and prevention of heart hypertrophy and ventricular remodeling through inflammatory pathways. Furthermore, the synergistic effect of IL-10 and golimumab is superior to the effect of treatment with IL-10 or golimumab only. Our results suggest that the combination of IL-10 with golimumab may be a promising treatment for HF patients. Further study is warranted to verify the efficiency of IL-10 combined with golimumab in human clinical trials.

Health and Safety in Construction

wellness and asylum in bodily structureThis chapter begins with a general discussion on the concept of precaution forwards examining the modern concern with achievement health and safe, unique(predicate)ally in the complex body part industriousness. To better relate to the scope of this study, it will also review the current workplace pencil eraser and health organization agency in the Singapores formulation industry. Subsequently, an overview of the safety legislations and policies under take awayn in Singapore to amend crook safety will be investigated.Introduction to refugeAlthough the term safety is very often used in our everyday life, the concept of safety fag make water various meanings for different people. According to Oxford Dictionaries Online, safety is delineate as the condition of be protected from or unlikely to cause danger, risk or injury. Moreover, as safety is comm only if viewed from the perspective of specific injury domains, some injury pre ventive researchers defined safety as the prevention of crime and violence whereas the others described it as a feeling of being out of danger or as a satisfaction of the basic human physiological needs.Hence, collect to the multitude of views on the definition of safety, the World health Organisation (WHO) Collaborating Centres on rubber Promotion and Injury Prevention has real an international consensus on the conceptual and operational aspects of safety in 1998 (Nilsen et al., 2004). They concord defined safety as a state in which hazards and conditions prevailing to physical, psychological or material accidental injury are controlled in order to preserve the health and well-being of individuals and the community. This definition of safety contains two dimensions, of which ane is objective and can be assessed by measuring behavioural and environmental parameters whereas the other is subjective and can be evaluated according to the feeling of being safe (WHO, 1998).In addi tion, safety is a resultant of a complex process which integ lays humans behaviour and fundamental interaction with their physical, societal, cultural, technological, political, economic and organisational environment. According to Maurice et al. (2001), the optimum level of safety can only be attained with the presence of four conditions that proved beneficial in delineate the domain of safety. Table 2.1 indicates the four basic conditions for safety.Table 2.1 Four basic conditions that define the domain for safetyFour Conditions for Safety1)A climate of social cohesion, peace and equity between groups that protects human rights and freedoms2)The respect of the values of individual and their physical, material and psychological integrity3)The prevention and control of injuries and other consequences or harm caused by accidents4)The provision of effective measures to cope with undesirable traumatic eventsSource Maurice et al. (2001) workplace Safety and Health (WSH)Before 1880s, t here was little interest in work safety and minimal protection for the safety of workers in their workplaces because legislation, precedent and public opinion were all in favour of the counsel (Pearson, n.d.). Moreover, workplace accidents were comprehend to be cheap and were often disregarded because there were no workers stipend laws that protect the interest of workers. Thus, work-related accidents were common then.However, in the late 1900s, workers safety and health in the workplaces begun to receive increasing attention due to the rapid industrialisation of the coupled States (U.S.) and the establishment of unions that promote the need for safer working conditions. Hence, the high foreboding(a)ities and injuries rate then bind the federal official government to implement various acts to force the industries to reduce the occurrence of work-related accidents or illnesses so as to mend on the safety standards of their workplaces (Aldrich, 2001). Some initiatives of the fe deral government include passing of the Occupational Safety and Health prompt (OSHA) in 1970 and the enactment of the workers compensation laws.Therefore, tighter employers liability and the steep increase in the approach of accident due to the compensation laws have initiated the employers interest and concern with work safety (Aldrich, 2001 Alton, n.d.). As a result, significant amelioration in the workplace safety and health performance can be observed as fatalities rate in the U.S. declines from 27 deaths per 100,000 workers in 1950 to 3.5 in 2011 respectively (BLS, 2012 Kaufman, 1997). The safety performance in British industry had also improved significantly since the introduction of the Health and Safety at Work Act (HSWA) in 1974 as the fatalities rate has change magnitude from 2.9 per 100,000 workers in 1974 to 0.5 in 2011 (HSE, n.d.). Like OSHA, HSWA is the chief(a) piece of legislation covering occupational health and safety in the United Kingdom (UK). Figure 2.1 ill ustrates the work-related fatalities rate among different countries.Safety in the twisting IndustrySafety has always been a major issue in the construction industry. In many developed and developing countries, the construction industry has constantly been ranked as one of the worst industries in terms of the frequency of fatalities and work-related injuries. Unlike the other industries where it mostly consists of a stationary fabrication setting with little changes in working procedures, equipment and labour force, the working environment in the construction industry is generally complex and ever-ever-changing. This is due to the multidisciplinary and multitasked aspects of the parties involved in the vagabond and also the use of sophisticated plants, equipment and construction methods (Teo, Ling, Chong, 2005). Thus, this highly differentiated and unstructured nature of the construction industry makes safety management extremely challenging (Gambatese, Hinze, Haas, 1997 Lingard, 2012 Zhang, Teizer, Lee, Eastman, Venugopal, 2012). some research and studies over the years have attempted to look into astir(p) construction safety using various concepts such(prenominal) as approach patterning for safety (Gangolells, Casals, Forcada, Roca, Fuertes, 2010), HR practices (Lai, 2009 Lai, Liu, Ling, 2011) and BIM technologies (Azhar, Nadeem, Mok, Leung, 2008 Kiviniemi, Sulankivi, Khknen, Mkel, Merivirta, 2011 Qi, 2011 Zhang et al., 2012)For instance, the Britain authorities have long recognised that safety should be addressed from the very step to the fore of a escort and they are the first to introduce the Construction (Design and perplexity) Regulation in 1994 and revised in 2007 respectively. This regulation places duties on clients, seeers and contractors for consideration of safety issues from design through the demolition stage of a project (Hecker Gambatese, 2003). According to Gibb (2002), this regulation has lead to an increase in the profile of construction safety among designers in several(prenominal) European Union (EU) countries. Additionally, Australia has also introduced the Model WHS Regulation 2011 whereby have to provide a Safe Design Report that specify the hazards relating to the design of the structure to the someone carrying out the construction work (Safe Design Australia, 2011).Therefore, good safety planning and management throughout the project life cycle become an essential essential for most construction projects because without a thorough understanding of safety issues on office, undesirable work-related accidents will occur. This will then incur additional costs, unnecessary project delays and in the worst situation, the loss of lives (Lai et al., 2011). Therefore, the next section will attempt to understand the different safety issues on berths by first identifying the various substructure causes of accidents.Causes of AccidentsAccording to Teo (2009), accidents are unintentional and undesirable events that can cause pain, suffering, damage and injury to the affected person(s) or meet(ip)ty, if not a combination of both. While not all work-related accidents will cause physical injuries or damages, the occurrence of any accidents on internet site will definitely challenge the quality of the construction site operation. Therefore, there is a need to understand the various causes influencing safety performance in the construction industry so as to better develop strategies to acquire this concerning issue.A review of the literature on construction safety reveals that much research efforts have been directed to understand the factors and causes that can influence construction accidents (Abdelhamid Everett, 2000 Hamid, Majid, Singh, 2008 Hughes Ferrett, 2008 Suraji, Duff, Peckitt, 2001). Many types of theories have been developed throughout the decades to understand the accident causation factors. The earliest research can be traced back into the 1930s were Heinrich (19 31) had pioneered the accident causation theories by developing the five-domino model of causation. The domino theory had been the foundation work of many other models that were developed by other researchers thereafter.According to Ridley (1976), most of the accidents on site are either caused by unsecured acts, unprotected conditions or frequently a combination of both. An grave act refers to a violation of an accepted safety procedures which then permits the occurrence of an accident whereas an unsafe condition refers to a hazardous physical condition or circumstance that are in violation of coetaneous safety standards. Table 2.2 present the development of different theories that were developed to understand the accident causation factors.Table 2.2 Development of different models to understand the accident causation factorsTypesCharacteristic of ModelModel / TheoryAuthorsAccident Causation ModelsUnderstand the various accident causation factorsDevelop tools for better acciden t prevention courseDomino TheoryHenrich (1932)Multiple Causation ModelPetersen (1971)Stairstep ModelAdams (1976)ARCTM Construction ModelAbdelhamid Everett (2000)Behaviour ModelsStudies the tendency of humans to make errors under various situation and environment conditionsAccidents are mainly a result of human unsafe characteristic onlyAccident proneness theoryAccident (1983)Goals freedom acuity theoryKerr (1957)Motivation reward satisfactionPetersen (1975)Sociological theory of accidentsDwyer and Raftery (1991)Human Factor ModelsHolds human error the main cause of accidentsUnlike the behaviour model, the righteousness not only fall on human unsafe characteristic aloneThe responsibility also fall on the design of workplace, which does not take into consideration the limitation of humanFerrel theoryFerrel (1977)Human-error causation modelPetersen (1982)McClay modelMcClay (1989)DeJoy modelDeJoy (1990)Source Abdelhamid and Everett (2000)To tailor to the need of the construction ind ustry in identifying the seed cause of accidents, Abdelhamid and Everett (2000) had developed an Accident Root Causes Tracing Model (ARCTM) after further development and synthesis from various existing accident causation models. ARCTM proposed that unsafe conditions can occur before or after the start of an activity and they can either be caused by human-related or nonhuman-related factors. Table 2.3 illustrates the different causes of unsafe conditions that might lead to accidents.Similar to that proposed by Abdelhamid and Everett (2000) and Suraji et al. (2001), Toole (2002) has also tried to identify and attribute the basic root causes of construction accidents to factors such as lack of proper training, poor enforcement of safety, use of unsafe equipment, methods or sequencing, unsafe site conditions and a poor attitude towards safety. The aforementioned are just some of the many studies undertaken by researchers in an attempt to identify the root causes of work-related acciden ts so as to develop better preventive strategies (Hill, 2003). Even though there has been a significant utility in the safety performance of the construction industry as compared to the past, to a greater extent has to be done to further reduce the fatalities and work-related injuries frequency rate.Table 2.3 Main causes of unsafe conditions which can lead to accidentsMain Causes of Unsafe ConditionsHuman FactorsManagement action or inactionWorker or co-workers unsafe actsFail to provide proper or adequate personal protective equipmentViolate workplace standards lean ventilationPoor housekeepingPoor designSabotaging equipmentUnauthorised operation of equipmentInsufficient rest while workingRemoving safety deviceSource Abdelhamid and Everett (2000)Construction Safety in SingaporeThe construction industry in Singapore has been one of the fastest growing industries since Singapore embarked on her various industrialisation programme in the early 1960s. However, the safety situation in the industry then deteriorated so drastically that the government had to introduce the Factories Act in 1973 to regulate occupational safety and health in Singapore. Since then, Singapores statutory OSH regime was governed by the Factories Act.However, due to the high-profile and fatal accident that took place in Nicoll Highway in 2004, this had called attention to the need for a reform of the current legislative approach to OSH (Teh, 2006 Teo, 2009). This has therefore led to the unveil of a current Workplace Safety and Health (WSH) framework in 2005 and the introduction of the WSH Act in 2006, which will repeal and replace the former Factories Act. The new WSH Act became the key legal instrument for the WSH framework and it aims to cultivate good safety and health practices among all individuals in their workplaces. Additionally, WSH 2015 Strategy was developed concurrently so as to complement with the new framework. This strategy aims to halve the workplace sine qua non rate f rom 4.9 fatalities per 100,000 workers in 2004 to 2.5 by 2015. As a result of the dynamic and changing WSH landscape, a full-fledged industry-led WSH Council was established in 2008 and a new national target was developed by identifying enhancements to the previous WSH 2015 Strategy. This new strategy, named WSH 2018 aims to achieve an even more challenging goal, which is to reduce the fatality rate to less than 1.8 fatalities per 100,000 employed workers by 2018 (WSH2018, 2009). With the introduction of WSH Council, WSH Council (Construction Landscape) Committee was formed and Implementing WSH 2018 for Construction Industry was developed specifically to thread the efforts of the construction industry to achieve better WSH performance.Following these efforts to increase the safety performance in the construction industry, it is noted that there is a remarkable improvement in the safety performance in 2011. According to the WSH Report 2011, construction industry was the only one th at saw a drop in fatality numbers as the fatality rate decreased from 8.1 per 100,000 employed persons in 2010 to 5.3 in 2011, as shown in the Figure 2.2 (WSH, 2011). This is a significant improvement as the fatality rate of 5.3 in 2011 is the lowest-ever since 2006. Furthermore, the number of work-related injuries has also fallen by 22% as compared to 2010 (channelnewsasia, 2012).Despite the positive progression in the safety performance, it calm down remains as a serious concern as fatality rate continued to account for the highest among all industries in Singapore as shown in Table 2.4. Thus, in order to achieve the targeted result set aside for the construction industry as seen in Figure 2.3, all stakeholders will have to commit themselves to work towards a safe and healthy workplace with a vibrant WSH culture and zero injury (WSH2018Construction, 2010). In addition, more efforts have to be put to prevent falling from height because it remains as the major contributor to fatal accidents (see Figure 2.4).Till date, many studies have been conducted to look into improving construction safety in Singapore. For example, Ling, Ofori, and Teo (2004) have constructed a model to predict the safety level of a construction project site. Moreover, Ling and Teo (2006) have analyze the intrinsic and external incentives on increasing worksite safety and found out that there are many personal factor that can affect site safety.Safety Policies and LegislationMinistry of Manpower (MOM) is the government regulatory body responsible for the enforcement of workplace safety and health legislations. Throughout the years, MOM, in collaboration with other government agencies and stakeholders have put in extensive efforts in achieving significant and sustained improvement in the WSH performance for the construction industry. In this section, various policies and legislations that have been introduced particularly to improve on the safety performance in the construction industry w ill be discussed.Workplace Safety and Health (WSH) ActIn the past, Singapores primary legislation in the construction safety regime was governed by Chapter 104 of the Factories Act and Section 68 and 77 of the edifice Operations and Work of Engineering Construction (BOWEC) Regulations (Cheah, 2007). However, due to the spate of high-profile accidents in 2004, MOM saw the need for a fundamental reform of the former safety policies and legislations in order to curb the insurrection numbers of work-related accidents on site. Hence, as part of the new WSH framework that was introduced in 2006, the Factories Act was repealed and replaced by the Workplace Safety and Health Act on 1 March 2006. As a result, the OSH regulation has evolved from a highly prescriptive (rule-based) system to a more descriptive (performance-based) approach.Unlike the former Factories Act where industry players were expected to comply with a fixed set of safety guidelines, the new WSH Act is focused on three gu iding principles reduce risk at source, instil greater ownership of safety and health outcome by industry players, and impose higher penalties for poor safety management. This is a paradigm veer from the former Factories Act because it encourages every industry player to be more proactive rather than reactive to safety issues.Workplace Injury Compensation Act (WICA)The former Workmens Compensation Act has been replaced by the Workplace Injury Compensation Act (WICA), which came into effect on the 1st April 2008. Unlike the former Act which only covers manual and non-manual workers earning $1,600 or less per month, WICA is applicable for all employees regardless of their level of earnings. The enactment of WICA is essential because it safeguards the interest of all employees and employers as the former are right off able to claim compensations for work-related injuries promptly without having to prove fault whereas the latter are protected against the fraudulent claims of errant e mployees (MOM WSHC, 2008). At the same time, this new Act enhances the enduringness and efficiency of the compensation process and indirectly, influences the employers to pay more attention to workplace safety and health issues.In order for WICA to stay updated with the current market situation, amendments have been to WICA and it will take effect from 1st June 2012. The key objectives of the recent changes are to maintain a fair balance between the pay-outs for the injured employees and the responsibilities that fall on the employers and also, to ensure that the WICA framework remains efficient so that injured employees can receive compensation promptly (MOM, 2012). Some of the major changes include increasing the compensation limits, prohibiting compensation due to work-related fights and work-related exclusion clauses and expanding the scope for compensable diseases. Table 2.5 illustrates the recent amendments to the compensation limits.Safety and Health Management System (SHMS )Safety and Health Management System (SHMS) is a systematic process that is mandatory for all workplaces such as worksite, shipyard and factories in Singapore. It provides a platform for goal setting, performance measurement and unload management commitments and direction in order to manage human and organisational risks (MOM, n.d.-b). SHMS guides the efforts for an effective and proactive implementation of risk control measures to reduce work-related injuries, which will subsequently lead to a long-term reduction in operational costs (Baliyan, 2008). To build up an effective SHMS, it has to adhere to the relevant WSH legislation and guidelines set out for the construction industry, such as the SS 506 Part 1 2009 Occupational safety and health (OSH) management system and CP 79 1999 Safety management system for construction worksites. In tandem with the SHMS, audits and reviews must also be carried out periodically on SHMS to ensure its continual performance (MOM, n.d.-a). Table 2.6 shows the requirements for SHMS audit or review depending on the projects contract sum.To make sure that SHMS is effective and relevant in addressing construction safety, Teo et al. (2005) have developed a model to measure the effectiveness of the SHMS of construction sites in Singapore.Summary of ChapterThis chapter has looked into the concept of safety before focusing on workplace health and safety especially in the construction industry. It has also reviewed on the construction situation in Singapore and highlighted the various policies and legislations that are in place to improve the safety performance for the construction industry in Singapore.ReferencesAbdelhamid, T. S., Everett, J. G. (2000). Identifying root causes of construction accidents. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 126(1), 52-60. Retrieved from http//faculty.kfupm.edu.sa/CEM/jannadi/Identifying-Root-Causes-Of-Constuction-Accident.pdfAldrich, M. (2001). History of Workplace Safety in the United States 1880-1970. EH.net Encyclopedia. Retrieved from http//eh.net/encyclopedia/article/aldrich.safety.workplace.usAlton, G. (n.d.). The history of workplace safety and health. eHow. Retrieved from http//www.ehow.com/about_5305608_history-workplace-health-safety.htmlAzhar, S., Nadeem, A., Mok, Y. N., Leung, H. Y. (2008). Building instruction Modeling (BIM) A new paradigm for visual interactive modeling and simulation for construction projects. Paper presented at the First International Conference on Construction in Developing Countries (ICCIDC-I), Auguest 4-5,Karachi, Pakistan.Baliyan, S. (2008). Effective implementation of safety and health management system (SHMS). Retrieved from https//www.wshc.sg/wps/themes/html/upload/cms/file/EffectiveImplementationofSHMS.pdfUnited States Department of Labor, pectus of Labor Statistics. (2012). Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries Summary, 2011. Retrieved from http//www.bls.gov/news.release/cfoi.nr0.htmWorkplace safety in construction sect or can be improved Hawazi Daipi. (2012, June 28). channelnewsasia. Retrieved from http//www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/specialreport/news/1210442_170/1/.htmlCheah, C. Y. J. (2007). Construction safety and health factors at the industry level the case of Singapore Journal of Construction in Developing Countries, 12(2). 81-99. Retrieved from http//web.usm.my/jcdc/input/JCDC%20Vol%2012(2)/5_Charles%20(p.81-99).pdfGambatese, J., Hinze, J., Haas, C. (1997). Tool to design for construction worker safety. Journal of Architectural Engineering, 3(1), 32-41. inside 10.1061/(ASCE)1076-0431(1997)31(32)Gangolells, M., Casals, M., Forcada, N., Roca, X., Fuertes, A. (2010). Mitigating construction safety risks using prevention through design. Journal of Safety Research, 41(2), 107-122. doi 10.1016/j.jsr.2009.10.007Gibb, A. G. (2002). Safety in design A European/UK View. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the Power Through Partnerships 12th Annual Construction Safety and Health Conference, Ch icago, IL. 552-557Hamid, A. R. A., Majid, M. Z. A., Singh, B. (2008). Causes of accidents at construction sites. Malaysian Journal of Civil Engineering, 20(2), 242-256. Retrieved from http//eprints.utm.my/7537/1/AbdulRahimAbdulHamid2008_CausesofAccidentsatConstructions.pdfHecker, S., Gambatese, J. A. (2003). Safety in design a proactive approach to construction worker safety and health. Applied Occupational and environmental Hygiene, 18(5), 339-342. doi 10.1080/10473220301369Heinrich, H. W. (1931). Industrial accident prevention a scientific approach New York McGraw-Hill.Hill, D. C. (Eds.). (2003). Construction safety management and engineering. Des Plaines, IL ASSE.Health and Safety Executive (HSE). (n.d.). Trends in work-related injuries and ill health since the introduction of the Health and Safety at Work Act (HSWA) 1974. Retrieved from http//www.hse.gov.uk/statistics/history/index.htmHughes, P., Ferrett, E. (Eds.). (2008). Introduction to Health and Safety in Construction. O xford Elsevier Ltd.Kaufman, B. E. (1997). Government regulation of the employment relationship. In Burton J.F., Chelius, J.R (Eds.), Workplace safety and health regulation rationale and results (pp. 253-347 ). Cornell University Press. Retrieved from http//books.google.com.sg/books?id=Jb9TnhR2l-wCpg=PA181lpg=PA181dq=Government+regulation+of+the+employment+relationship.source=blots=KDlMYbJq1wsig=EwCohN7wU6pVGPmvw9uiscNaoHohl=ensa=Xei=tIBkUObWLoHNrQfrxYGoAwved=0CDwQ6AEwBAv=onepageq=Government%20regulation%20of%20the%20employment%20relationship.f= unreasonableKiviniemi, M., Sulankivi, K., Khknen, K., Mkel, T., Merivirta, M. L. (2011) BIM-based safety management and communication for building construction. VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland. Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Retrieved from http//www.vtt.fi/inf/pdf/tiedotteet/2011/T2597.pdfLai, D. N. C. (2009). Adopting human resource (HR) practices to improve construction safety. (Unpublished undergraduate dissertation). National University of Singapore, Singapore.Lai, D. N. C., Liu, M., Ling, F. Y. Y. (2011). A comparative study on adopting human resource practices for safety management on construction projects in the United States and Singapore. International Journal of Project Management, 29(8), 1018-1032. doi 10.1016/j.ijproman.2010.11.004Ling, F. Y. Y., Ofori, G., Teo, A. L. (2004, 2 7 May 2004). Predicting safety levels of constriction project sites. Paper presented at the Proceedings of CIB world Building Congress Building for the Future, Toronto, Canada.Ling, F. Y. Y., Teo, A. L. (2006). Increasing worksite safety intrinsic behavior vs. external incentives. Paper presented at the Proceedings of CIB W99 International Conference in Global union for Safety Health in Construction, Beijing, China.Lingard, H., Rowlinson, S. (2005). Occupational health and safety in the construction project management. Taylor Francis Inc.Maurice, P., Lavoie, M., Laflamme, L., Svanstrm, L., Romer, C., Ande rson, R. (2001). Safety and safety promotion definitions for operational developments. Injury see to it and Safety Promotion, 8(4), 237-240. doi 10.1076/icsp.8.4.237.3331Ministry of Manpower, MOM. (2012). Changes to Work Injury Compensation Act (WICA). Retrieved from http//www.mom.gov.sg/newsroom/Pages/HighlightsDetails.aspx?listid=88Ministry of Manpower, MOM. (n.d.-a). Audits and reviews. Retrieved from http//www.mom.gov.sg/workplace-safety-health/safety-health-management-systems/audits-review/Pages/implementation-review.aspxMinistry of Manpower, MOM. (n.d.-b). Safety and health management systems. Retrieved from http//www.mom.gov.sg/workplace-safety-health/safety-health-management-systems/Pages/default.aspxMinistry of Manpower, MOM and Workplace Safety and Health Council, WSHC. (2008). A guide to the work injury compensation benefits and claim process. Retrieved from http//www.mom.gov.sg/Documents/safety-health/WICA%20Guide%20(English).pdf.Nilsen, P., Hudson, D. S., Kullberg, A., Timpka, T., Ekman, R., Lindqvist, K. (2004). Making sense of safety. Injury Prevention, 10(2), 71-73. doi 10.1136/ip.2004.005322Pearson, C. (n.d.). The history of work safety. eHow. Retrieved from http//www.ehow.com/about_7522903_history-work-safety.htmlQi, S. T. H. (2011). Adopting building information modelling (BIM) to improve workers safety. (Unpublished undergraduate dissertation). National University of Singapore, Singapore.Ridley, J. (1976). Safety at work. London Butterworths.Safe Work Australia (2012). Safe work health and safety statistics, Australia. Retrieved from http//www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/sites/SWA/AboutSafeWorkAustralia/WhatWeDo/Publications/Documents/677/Key_Work_Health_and_Safety_Statistics_Australia_2012.pdfSafe Design Australia (2011). Model work health and safety act revised draft 23. Retrieved from http//www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/sites/SWA/AboutSafeWorkAustralia/WhatWeDo/Publications/Pages/model-work-health-safety-act-23-June-2011.aspxSuraji, A., Du ff, A. R., Peckitt, S. J. (2001). Development of a causal model of construction accident causation. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 127(4), 337-344. doi 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9364(2001)1274(337)Teh, L. (2006, May 3). Workplace Safety and Health Act Emphasizes Self-Regulation. Singapore International Law Office. Retrieved from http//www.internationallawoffice.com/newsletters/Detail.aspx?g=43a52fd5-ae7b-47bb-9818-2cf5b725e871Teo, A. L. (Eds.). (2009). Safety, health and environment management. Singapore McGraw-Hill Education (Asia).Teo, A. L., Ling, Y. Y., Chong, F. W. (2005). Framework for project managers to manage construction safety. International Journal of Project Management, 23(4), 329-341. doi 10.1016/j.ijproman.2004.09.001Toole, T. (2002). Construction Site Safety Roles. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 128(3), 203-210. doi 10.1061/ASCE0733-936420021283203Workplace Safety and Health Committee, WSHC. (2009). WSH 2018 A national strategy f or workplace safety and health in Singapore. Retrieved from https//www.wshc.sg/wps/themes/html/upload/cms/file/WSH2018_lowres.pdfWorkplace Safety and Health Committee, WSHC. (2010). Implementing WSH 2018 for the construction sector in Singapore. Retrieved from https//www.wshc.sg/wps/themes/html/upload/cms/file/WSH%20Construction%20Sectoral%20final_lowres(1).pdfWorkplace Safety and Heath, WSH Ministry of Manpower, MOM. (2011). Workplace safety and health report 2011. Retrieved from https//www.wshc.sg/wps/themes/html/upload/ proclamation/file/WSH%20Stats%20Report%202011.pdf.World Health Organiation on Community Safety Promotion, Sweden, World Health Organiation on Community Safety Promotion, Quebec World Health Organisation (1998). Safety and safety promotion Conceptual and operational aspects. Retrieved from http//www.phs.ki.se/csp/pdf/Publications/safety_promotion1998%20.pdfZhang, S., Teizer, J., Lee, J.-K., Eastman, C. M., Venugopal, M. (2012). Build information modeling (BIM) a nd safety Automatic safety checking of construction models and schedules. Automation in Construction, 13. doi 10.1016/j.autcon.2012.05.006

Classification of Wastewater

Classification of WastewaterWastewaters atomic number 18 numerous in kind and defy easy definition. It is difficult to evolve a universal compartmentalisation for drop. However, roughly there atomic number 18 three basic classification methods, which atomic number 18 combined to form a waste classification system (Hagerty., 1973). They are animal(prenominal) classification, chemical classification and thermic classification. The last one is directly related to thermal touch on requirements and focuses on the information needed to select, design, and operate a thermal functioninging system.5.1 Physical ClassificationThis classification identifies the physical state of waste. It is needed for the weft and design of waste handling systems and the choice of processing equipment. Based on physical characteristics, typical waste materials are classified as vapourific, liquid, slurry, sludge, solid and mastererized waste. In the present context, solid and liquid wastes will be di scussed in this section. unscathed waste is wastes those which arise from human and animal activities that are normally solid and are usually discarded as useless or unwanted. The term as used in this context is all inclusive, and it encompasses the heterogeneous mass of throw aways from the urban community as well as the more homogeneous accumulations of agricultural, industrial and mineral wastes (Tchobanoglous, 1977). In discussing solid waste, generally and traditionally certain categories of wastes are well recognized as they are very common. For example, solid wastes include domestic, commercial, industrial, (due to reflexion and demolition) agricultural, institutional and miscellaneous. Many times domestic and commercial wastes squirtnot be differentiated and are considered together as urban wastes. Included in this category are the garbage materials which result from food preparation both in the homes and restaurants, and also the frill which is produced in residences and commercial establishments. Generally, the garbage consists of rapidly decomposable materials while the rubbish is either s basely decomposable or non-degradable. A second major category of waste is industrial, the disavow produced by industrial processes. Generally the character of the refuse produced in any manufacturing or processing operation will depend very much on the type, amount, or the character of wastes produced by the industry. Obviously, the wastes produced by stain manufacturers will differ considerably from those produced in the chemical industry. Usually the wastes produced by any food processing operation, the study and plastics industries are almost similar to the paper and plastic packaging materials found in domestic rubbish. On the other hand, the metal processing industry will obviously generate metallic wastes, that in addition will also produce large quantities of slags, processing chemicals, and other residues, many of which are used in air pollution u nderwrite and water pollution control activities. The wastes produced by chemical industries or other more specialized industries will in general depend upon the specific disposition of the end product of the manufacturing process (Waste Classification Guidelines Part 1 Classifying Waste , 2009).5.2 Chemical ClassificationIt is the key to selection of proper process design parameters, selection of materials of construction, choice of concentration equipment, design of incinerator hardware, the possibility of bye-product recovery, and the requirement of fuel gas and discharge water treatment systems. Based on this classification, the waste materials are in the main classified as clean waste and hazardous waste.5.2.1 Clean WasteThis group covers hydrocarbons which contain alone carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. The oxidation products are considered clean and can be discharged into the environs.5.2.2 Hazardous WasteThe problem with hazardous wastes is that there is still no internationa lly accepted definition of a hazardous waste. However, technical foul criteria such as toxicity, flammability, corrosivity, ignitability and reactivity have been proposed and used to some extent to identify and designate the waste as hazardous. Though the hazardous wastes account for only a small proportion of all wastes generated by the industries, their impact can be disastrous as they not only affect the physical environment but also the biotic components. The United States alone generates well-nigh 60 million tons of hazardous waste every year, and the European Economic association about half of that quantity. Roughly 10 to 20 per cent of the total waste produced can be considered as potentially hazardous. In general, there are industries like metallurgical, iron and steel, fertilizers, thermal power production, etc. generating large quantities of solid and liquid wastes containing low concentration that is at the trace level of hazardous constituents. On the other hand, there is another group of industries such as chlor alkali, pesticides, dyestuffs, electroplating, photographic chemicals, fine chemicals, etc. which generate comparatively small quantity of wastes, but they are highly toxic and hazardous. Approximately one million tons of solid waste is generated annually by the 131 industrial units surveyed. Nearly 22% of wastes from these industries are hazardous. It has been estimated that about 94% of these wastes are generated by process oriented (generating during the processing of raw materials to get the finished products) industries and 6% of it is pollution control oriented (generated from the treatment of gaseous and liquid effluents) industries. Maximum amount of hazardous waste is generates by chlor-alkali, dyes and pigment, organic fertilizer chemicals, pesticide and plating industrial sectors. The inorganic chemical sector on the other hand, generated low volume-high toxic wastes. The synthetic drug manufacturing units in drugs and pharma sector generate maximum quantity of hazardous wastes. Thus, hazardous waste may be foster classified into waste generating gaseous contaminants, waste containing alkali and alkaline earth metals and waste containing heavy metals.5.3 Thermal ClassificationThis is used in the determination of faculty requirements for processing and in the selection of system configuration. Based on the thermal properties, typical waste materials are classified as follows, where combustible wastes are a group that includes wastes which will sustain oxidation reaction without additional energy requirements, noncombustible wastes are groups that represent low-Btu value wastes, which will not sustain oxidation reaction without additional energy supply. These wastes may be further classified into following two categories which are the noncombustible wastes with no low the volatiles (the organics in the wastes contain no low volatiles which, when heated, will evaporate) and the noncombustible waste with l ow volatiles (the organics in the waste are heat sensitive and readily vaporized when heated). These two categories tolerate important information for the designing of evaporation and steam stripping systems. They are also important factors in the selection of pre-concentration equipment of wastes. For the successful application of thermal processing systems accurate and reliable information about the composition and characteristics of any waste to be processed is essential. Such data are necessary to understand the process and for the selection of process equipment.Classification of a wastewater by toxicity or hazard is important for safety and also to comply with legislation (Mumford, 1973). In practice, it is better to use the characterization hazardous and non-hazardous having regard to both toxicity and the environmental implications of the waste on disposal. Therefore the Control of Pollution Act distinguishes waste as poisonous, noxious or polluting and whose presence on lan d is likely to give rise to an environmental hazard. It also encompasses highly flammable or volatile materials which may have little toxicological significance (Agency, n.d.).Classification may be further expanded taking into consideration individual chemicals. Chemical outline will usually give the proportion of each chemical present, except that of organics which may be characterized by one or more physical properties as listed in Table 2.Table 2 Physical properties of liquid wastes.Alternatively the description may be limited to synthetic organic materials, natural organic materials, and inorganic materials and this characteristic corresponds to classification by origin. Finally, wastewater is usually wastes because it consists of unusable and often unpleasant mixture of chemicals.BibliographyAgency, T.E.P. About Hazardous Non-Hazardous Waste by The environmental Protection Agency, Online, Available http//www.lonestar.edu/16715.htm 19 February 2014.Hagerty., D.J.P.J.L.a.H.J.E. (1973) Solid Waste Management, New York Van Nostrand Reinhold Co.Mumford, C.J. (1973) Industrial Pollution Control, Bussiness Books.Tchobanoglous, G.T.H.a.E.R. (1977) Solid Wastes Engineering Principles and Management issues, New York McGraw Hill.

How James Joyce Challenges His Readers in Ulysses and Finnegans Wake Es

How crowd Joyce Challenges His Readers in Ulysses and Finnegans Wake In the history of written literature, it is difficult not to notice the authors who flip ones lid their readers style and manner of reading. Some write in an unusual syntax which forces the reader to utilize new methods of looking at a language others utilise lengthy allusions which oblige the reader to study the same works the author drew from in order to more fully comprehend the text. Some authors drug abuse ingenious and complicated plots which warrant several readings to be understood. But few authors have used all these and still more devices to demand more of the reader. James Joyce, writer of Ulysses and Finnegans Wake, uses extraordinarily inventive and intricate plot construction, creative and often thought-provoking word constructions, allusions to works both celebrated and recondite, and complex issues and theories when challenging his readers to have a fit their method of reading. T he plot, or story, of a book is the foundation upon which all else is constructed, and Joyce is renowned for his extraordinary plots, always innovative and always astonishing. In Ulysses, Joyce parallels the day of his protagonist, Leopold Bloom, with the journeys of Odysseus from Homers Odyssey. Chapter by chapter, Blooms travels throughout Dublin, along with the experiences of his young friend Stephen Dedalus and his unfaithful wife Molly, parallels the Odyssey. All the chapters are there Telemachus, Nestor, Proteus, Calypso, the Lotus-Eaters, Hades, Aeolus, Lestrygonians, Scylla and Charybdis, Sirens, Cyclops, Nausica , Oxen of the Sun, Circe, Eumaeus, Ithaca, and Penelope. He even adds a chapter, Wandering Rocks, by subdividing Scylla ... ...challenged his readers to lard and enhance their reading method, to think for themselves, to read the raw thoughts of another, to read a hybrid language, to simply learn, and to become a better reader. Works Cited Barger, Jo hn. IQ Infinity- The extraterrestrial James Joyce, Robot Wisdom Pages, 5/25/97 http//www.mcs.net/jorn/html/jj.html Cave, Charles. James Joyce Web Page, Ozemail Communications, 5/25/97 http//www.ozemail.com.au/caveman/Joyce Joyce, James. Finnegans Wake. bare-ass York, New York Penguin USA, 1976 Joyce, James. Ulysses, New York, New York Random House Inc., 1992 McHugh, Roland. Annotations to Finnegans Wake, Baltimore, Maryland Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991 Thornton, Weldon. Allusions in Ulysses, Chapel Hill, North Carolina University of North Carolina Press, 1968

Biography of Thomas Jefferson Essay example -- Essays Papers Bio Presi

Biography of doubting Thomas JeffersonThird President of the United States of America.Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826) was the leash president of the United States and acreator of the Declaration of Independence. Thomas Jefferson was a philosopher,politician, scientist, architect, inventor, musician, and writer. Thomas Jefferson was also one of the smartest leaders in history. His father was named Peter Jefferson, a very rich Farmer from Virginia. ThomassMother, Jane Randolph Jefferson, was part of the Randolph family. The Randolph Familywas a big part of Virginia history, and also very rich also. Peter and Jane Jefferson moved to Goochland county, because Peter had just gotten cd acres of land there.Thomas Jefferson was born in the log cabin in which the family lived. ThomasJefferson was the third child out of four brother and sextette sisters. Two years after Thomas was born, William Randolph, a cousin of Mrs. Jefferson and a close friend of the family, died. His will requested th at Peter Jefferson move to his estate, take billing of the house and land, and make sure Randolphs four children get educated. The Jefferson?s remained at Randolphs estate for seven years. The estate was called Shadwell.Thomas Jefferson was quite the little intelligent boy. At age nine, ThomasJefferson Started Latin, Greek, and French Studies at a boarding school. Thomas liked toHorse cover version ride, Canoe, Hunt, and fish. When Thomas was fourteen years old, his fatherpassed away. Thomas Jefferson was the oldest son, so Thomas had to take care of thefamily. Jefferson was a tall, slender boy with sandy reddish hair and fair skin that freckled and sunburned easily. A serious student, Thomas also enjoyed the lighter aspects of the education of a Virginia gentleman. Jefferson learned to dance and play the violin. Weekends and holidays Thomas spent either at Shadwell entertaining guests or at his friends plantations.After two years at William and Mary (A College in Virginia?s cap ital city), Jefferson left to study law. Thomas still studied French, Italian, and English history and literature. In 1767, Jefferson was chosen to the practice of law in Virginia. Jeffersons main source of income was his land. That?s because most lawyers didn?t make enough money back then. On New Years Day, 1772, Jefferson married Martha Wayles Skelton, a 24-year-old widow. Patty... ...cts. Icannot write volumes on a single sheet, Adams wrote plaintively, but these letters ofyours require volumes from me.Jefferson and his friend Adams, both of whom had vie such great parts in thewinning of independence, died on Independence Day, July 4, 1826. Jefferson leftdetailed instructions for his burial in the graveyard of his estate. A unprejudiced monument was to mark his resting place. Thomas Jefferson specified that the monument was to be made of coarse stone so that no one might be tempted time to come to destroy it for the value of the materials. Thomas Jefferson wrote his own epit aphHere was buriedThomas Jefferson Author of the Declaration of American IndependenceOf the Statute of Virginia for ReligiousFreedom And pay back of the University of VirginiaThese achievements were to be inscribed on the monument, and not a wordmore ... because by these, as testimonials that I have lived, I wish most to beremembered.Jeffersons wishes were carried out, but vandals later overturned and broke thestone. A careful reproduction now marks Jeffersons grave.SourcesMicrosoft Encartahttp//encarta.msn.com/www.whitehouse.gov